Criminal Paper - 2496 Words

Abstract: My goal for this assignment is to define and differentiate criminal and non-criminal psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and general criminal behavior. I will also articulate the role of compulsive and addictive behavior in criminal and non-criminal psychopathy, discuss criminal profiling from other types of forensic evaluation, and analyze predatory behaviors based on the co-occurrence of crime scene behaviors. In closing I will develop a profile of a serial predator based on offender, victim, and crime scene characteristics. Psychopathy is currently understood as a cluster of behaviors and personality traits that are typically viewed in a negative light (Hare 1993). Psychopaths are described as callous†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Blair (2006) has acknowledged the possibility that there is a genetic factor that predisposes individuals with psychopathy to develop antisocial behavior. While he argues that it is unlikely that a genetic factor causes antisocial behavior, genetics are recognized as a possible moderating factor in the expression of antisocial behavior. More specifically, it is argued that when individuals with certain genetic predispositions are placed in stressful environments, genetics may play a role in determining the probability that those individuals will learn an antisocial, rather than socially acceptable, method of achieving their goals (Blair 2006). While the characteristics associated with psychopathy indicate inherent violent tendencies, cross-sectional studies of criminals confirm that a high percentage of psychopaths are involved in violent crimes and are more likely to reoffend. Most serious crime is committed by a disproportionate few of the criminal population. In fact, as evidenced by longitudinal studies, about 5 percent of criminally active subjects are responsible for over half the offenses recorded. To this end, psychopaths appear more prevalent in the criminal community. While psychopaths exist in the general public at an estimated 1 percent, this estimate jumps to a startling 15-25% in the incarcerated population. The notorious difficulty in dealing withShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice Paper854 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice System CJA/204 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE Criminal Justice System This first week the assignment was to Define crime, its relationship to the law, and the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal, Describe the government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system, Identify choice theories and the their assumptions in regards to crime, Describe the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice processRead MoreCriminal Justice Systems Paper1153 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal Justice System Paper The criminal justice system and the criminal justice process has shaped the laws of this country into what they are today from the concerns of politicians and government leaders as far back as the 1800s with crime control. 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Case Study Value At H H Financial Services, Llc. Mba...

Case Study —Adding Value at H H Financial Services, LLC MBA 613 Organizational Behavior Guangbin Cai Abstract This case is about adding value to the work environment and the work flows of a business. Even though it is about a small but growing financial institute; but the situations presented in this case are sometime pretty common in different kinds of organizations that affect their work environments and the flows of work. Solving the latent issues of this organization will not only add value to its work practices but they will function as guidelines for all the other organizations that are going through similar kinds of situations. Adding Value at H H Financial Services, LLC Summary of the case H H Financial Services, LLC is a small but growing business organization specializing in financial, insurance, estate and retirement planning. The firm was founded in 1997 by Mr. Christopher Blake who had had more than 20 years of experience in the arena of financial planning and insurance. Mr. Blake opened this firm as a â€Å"One - Man† operation but soon became overwhelmed by the need of extensive paperwork and other official procedures that he could not wrap his head around. As a result, he hired a part - time assistant who would help with these side works and support activities while he would concentrate more on dealing with the clients in coming out with the best financial solutions for them according to their needs. But with the increased client base; theShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data

Fear Factory - Digimortal free essay sample

Digimortal is the latest Fear Factory CD released last April,and it is a great record. It shows growing maturity in the bands musicianship,as well as their approach. Although it is not my favorite CD by them, it still isawesome. The album is a mix of their previous ones with some newtechniques. The guitar is more melodic, the drumming more technical, and the basscan actually be heard on this album more than on previous ones. The singing hasalso become more original, combining screams with higher-long noted singing. One aspect of Fear Factory is that every one of their albums follows acertain Man vs. Machine idea. Digimortal goes beyond that; man andmachine become one, realizing they must work together to exist. The CD haseleven awesome and heavy songs, including the ballad Invisible Wounds- a first for these boys. The album ends with the very melodic NeverEnd. The Digipack CD that I have has four bonus tracks, which are veryheavy tracks that reflect the earlier years of Demanufacture andObsolete. We will write a custom essay sample on Fear Factory Digimortal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The opening track, What Will Become,starts out with a funny guitar sound and then blasts right into the main riff ofthe song, a heavy and catchy riff. What Will Become shows the bandsnewer side of songwriting, which is shorter and more focused. The CD alsofeatures B-Real from the rap/rock group Cypress Hill. He adds the guest vocals onthe very heavy and wry song, Back the F*** Up. The band also toucheson their industrial aspects with Byte Block, which incorporates a lotof samples and keyboards, more than ever, and a lot of starts andstops. Linchpin, is a sing-along type song, yet very heavy atthe same time. It is melodic without losing the Fear Factory trademark sound. When you put on a song by Fear Factory, you will always know that it is aFear Factory song. If you are into heavy metal, I recommend you buyDigimortal and the rest of Fear Factorys CDs. You will not bedisappointed.

Zavier Bacote Essays (299 words) - Belief, Epistemology, Truth

Zavier Bacote REL-110-0902 Gaylyn Eddy 15 January 2018 First Reflection paper Writer Karl Marx beliefs in religion makes sense to a person like me. I have always thought of religion as a manmade system that all starts from a person with an idea and a certain belief system that he or she would like to share to many people. You could call is insane or even weird but for many years humans around the world have or will create their own religion or belief system that could help people figure there worth. Religion in many ways can help certain people out in life, religion can be that savoir that a person, that's how people start creating religions because of the need to find a worth in life and creating a certain god could help them do that. Many people in the world have not found there worth in life and it can become really hard when living if you don't know what you are living for, so that's when religion comes in. Religion comes in many ideas and forms, I can be evil or it could be good. But either way religion can help a lot of people in the world find things that they may or may not have found in life before. That's why me taking this class could help me understand the meaning of true religion and false religion, I want to know the good the bad or the weird in religion. There are hundreds of types of religion out in the world and hopefully taking this class I could figure out many of them and know what some of them consist of, and the different types of culture and people that are in these religions all across the world.

History of Company Renault

Introduction Renault, a motor vehicle manufacturing company was founded in 1898. The headquarters of the company is in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. It operates in 118 countries and provides employment for approximately130, 000 people. The production output of the company in 2010 was 3,195,810.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Company Renault specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The French automaker produces cars, vans and makes the third largest automaker in the world owing to its alliance with Nissan. The company contributes significantly in the electric car manufacture industry being one of the major manufacturers among leading companies. The company has extensive associations and owns Automobile Dacia a Romanian automobile manufacture and Renault Samsung a Korean company (Taylor, 2010). The company has a long history of car manufacturing and gourmet creativity since it was founded by Louis Renault, Mar cel and Ferdinand who were brothers. The unity of the family and dedication of the brothers produced the company which has been sustained to date by family loyalty and contribution. The business acumen of Marcel and Ferdinand acquired from running their fathers textile firm made the young aspiring engineer’s designs a reality. The world in the recent past has been engaged in extensive measures to sustain the environment by reducing pollution. All manufacturers are required to utilize environmental friendly production methods and at the same time ensure that their products are also designed to minimize environmental pollution. Renault Company has been involved extensively in this effort by having elaborate sustainability criteria. Sustainability criteria The advent of technology and rising number of industries all the world has culminated into worldwide concern on sustainability. The future generations face a risk of living in a world that is highly polluted and inhabitable.Ad vertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this light, industries all over the world are required to adhere to strict environmental regulations aimed at promoting sustainability. The Renault Company is one such company that has embarked on stringent measures to ensure sustainability both in the environment and in the corporate arena. The company has taken a step in ensuring environmental sustainability through the design of its vehicles; in this effort, it has spearheaded the design of an electric vehicle. The company believes that innovation favors progress; however innovation is only beneficial if majority of people stand to gain. This line of thinking culminated in the launching of Renault eco vehicles in 2008 (Easier Cars, 2008). The vehicle adheres to strict environmental sustainability criteria from the time of manufacturing in ISO 14001 certified plants which produce less tha n 140g/km carbon dioxide emissions with 85 per cent of the vehicle’s parts recyclable at the end of its useful period (Steven, 2008). The company has embedded sustainability in the design of its vehicles to ensure road safety and environmental preservation (Automotive design-Europe, 2009). This sustainable development involves the production of safe vehicles, enlightenment of current and future drivers, providing good working conditions for the employees and environmental preservation. The company has an environmental policy that aims at reducing the risks caused by industries as well as mitigating the environmental impact caused by its vehicles in every stage of their life cycle. Furthermore, the company has implemented sustainability at innovation and design stage. The company has taken a life cycle approach in this mitigation effort. The environmental impact of each vehicle that the company produces is accounted for since the time its design is conceived to the time the ve hicle is rendered unserviceable. One perfect example of this recycling approach is evident in its application on the company’s Renault Modus model. This model has utilized 18kg of recycled plastic to make components such as bumpers, dashboards and hidden vehicle parts. Environmental friendliness to ensure sustainability has been extended to countries where the Renault Company operates.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Company Renault specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Embedding sustainability through design has led the company to employ over 600 employees who directly deal with safety issues daily. The vehicle’s designs are produced with utmost consideration of safety right from the early stages of design development. This quest for safety in the company does not end at the design of the vehicles rather the company is engaged in promotion of safety awareness. For instance, since 2000 the c ompany’s safety for all programs has substantially enlightened children- the future road users on road safety. The program has also reached international audience with its deployment in over twelve countries engaging approximately 6 million youngsters. On the background of rising fuel costs and the pollution associated with exhaust gases, Renault’s designs are innovative and sustainability minded. The vehicles are economical benefiting from the company’s latest technological innovations which cut fuel consumption. The engine design is a direct petrol injection which has been downsized to smaller cubic capacity without decrease in performance. However, just optimizing the existing technological solutions on minimizing fuel consumption is enough, a fact that that the Renault company is well aware of. Therefore, the company has taken the gauntlet of sustainable mobility to a new level. The Renault company innovative designs are geared to zero emission. The electric vehicle is a breakaway technological innovation, which the company is set to market on a large scale (Pearson, 2009, pp3.). The Renault Company enforces sustainability through the development of three major policies namely; environmental policy, human resources policy and road safety policy. Environmental policy In the recent years the number of vehicles on our roads has been rising steadily making mobility easier. This increase is impacting on our environment negatively through greenhouse gas emission and noise pollution.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The world has been in the recent past greatly concerned with the protection of the environment by encouraging companies to embrace sustainable manufacturing procedures that have a reduced negative impact on the environment. Renault has not been left out in this noble cause as environmental protection is at the heart of the company’s commitment to sustainability. Human resource policy The Renault Company is dedicated in promoting sustainable mobility evidenced by the establishment of the Institute of Sustainable Mobility in September 2009 by Renault Foundation and ParisTech in a bid to promote sustainable mobility in the world. The academic world and Renault engineers’ joint effort is aimed at encouraging research on innovative mobility systems, particularly electric vehicles (Sean, 2008). Furthermore, the institution is dedicated to training top managers and scientists in an attempt to transportation needs while taking up challenges that are posed by sustainable mobili ty. The company has embedded sustainability through design and implementation of innovative mobility systems. The institute is carefully planned with eight school and ten laboratories dedicated to the development of sustainable designs. Logistical requirements of an electric vehicle that will be used all over the world are foreseen by the Electrical Mobility Systems laboratory. Moreover, the institute has a business model that seeks to guarantee smooth development of electric vehicles. Safety policy Road accidents claim a significant number of lives and loss of property. Many young people have been involved in road accidents particularly because they have not received proper road safety training. This is not the only cause of road carnage, some of the blame can be directed to car manufacturers who are not involved these youth education programs. The Renault Company realizes that road safety is vital ingredient to sustainable development. In this light, the company invests on safety research and development a huge amount of money in the tune of 100 million Euros. This dedication has earned the company a lot of praise as it is being regarded as the pioneer of road safety. All these efforts are geared towards sustainability through design. Sustainability opportunity The company’s large scale marketing approach is driven by the desire to ward off competition from other manufacturing companies who also produce electric cars. The company is set to launch Kangoo Express Z.E and Fluence Z.E this year (Wired News, 2010). The intended large-scale use of electric vehicles requires a smooth transition from the current mobility system, thus the company has charged the Worldwide Vision with this mandate. Finally, for the large scale project to succeed efficiency and reliability of the electric batteries is compulsory. In this light, the institute has a Battery Technology department that taken up this challenges. Renault Company has also paid attention to the training of its managers towards sustainable development by launching the Electrical Master’s diploma. This was done with the engagement of the Renault Foundation and ParisTech to present a high-level course that is open to students from all over the world. The Institute of Sustainable Mobility is also open to the companies and universities from all over the world who wish to join. The development of the company’s core values presents an opportunity to contribute to sustainable development. The company’s values revolve around respecting its employees and promoting transparency according to the company’s code of conduct. The company’s management reckons that future success is pegged on the present decisions. This commitment has ensured that the company is mindful of the future generations. The company has successfully embedded sustainability of in its company by fostering active teamwork. The Renault Company is committed in training its employees on sustain able development. This effort has led to an empowered management that has the company’s values at heart. The company’s organizational structure is tailored to ensure employee engagement and participation by having short lines of command, networking and cross-departmental initiatives (Renault, 2010). This move to engage its employees has a positive impact on productivity and sustainability. For a company dedicated to promoting sustainability it is paramount for its management to reckon that charity begins at home thus the key to success in its endeavors is by having a sustainable and reliable workforce. Benefits The Renault Company has realized numerous benefits for embedding sustainability in its designs. The company has secured its future by showing concern to the environment. A favorable environment is paramount requirement for any company which has its eyes trained on the future. All manufacturing companies must check that they do not surpass the allowed greenhouse gases emissions failure to which a hefty fine is imposed on the defaulter. The Renault Company has evaded this loophole by implementation of manufacturing procedures and vehicle designs that environmentally friendly. Secondly, the company has strengthened its workforce and built a strong team that is transparent and committed to the achievement of sustainability as well as the company’s corporate objectives. Since 1898 the company’s success has been pegged to teamwork and dedication which is the root of the company’s success. Teamwork has also set a stage for the company’s future success with employees who share in the company’s long term objectives. Embedding sustainability in the design of the vehicles has led to the acclamation of the Renault Company as a pioneer in the electric vehicle manufacture on a large scale, a fete that has made the company one of the leading automobile manufacturing companies in the world. The company is involved in var ious projects that promote social and economic well being in the local communities. For instance, the company’s involved in its Romanian Pitesti site has endowed the local community with social, economic and environmental benefits. In its Pitesti site the company engaged the local players to combat unemployment by founding the Development and Solidarity Foundation in 2000. The foundation’s objective is developing employment opportunities in the area by creating a business conducive environment. This endeavor has culminated into the setting up of over 30 companies in Pitesti-Mioveni thus providing bountiful employment opportunities and promoting the region as major reference point in Romania. Furthermore, this project has inspired the establishment of similar. Developing sustainable development is a win-win achievement for the company in the sense that the company has received praise and accolades from the world all over at the same time laying a foundation for its futu re success. References Automotive design-Europe. (2009) Automotive Design line. Web. Easier cars. (2008) Renault launches its Renault eco line of vehicles. Web. Pearson, D. (2009) Renault itching to return to the US. The Wall Street Journal. Pp. A.3-A.3. Renault. (2011) Renault Group governance. Web. Sean, O. (2008) ‘Renault bets on electric’. The Independent (UK). Web. Steven, S. (2008) ‘Renault to develop electric cars for Israel project’. Reuters.Web. Taylor, A. (2010) Around the world for Renault Nissan. Web. Wired News. (2010) Renault’s Fluence Z.E. headed for a better place. Web. This report on History of Company Renault was written and submitted by user Remington York to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Molarity Example Problem - Dissolving Sugar in Water

Molarity Example Problem - Dissolving Sugar in Water Molarity is a unit of concentration in chemistry that describes the number of moles of a solute per liter of solution. Heres an example of how to calculate molarity, using sugar (the solute) dissolved in water (the solvent). Molarity Chemistry Question A 4 g sugar cube (sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 ml teacup filled with hot water. What is the molarity of the sugar solution? First, you need to know the equation for molarity: M m/Vwhere M is molarity (mol/L)m number of moles of soluteV volume of solvent (Liters) Step 1 - Determine number of moles of sucrose in 4 g Determine the number of moles of solute (sucrose) by finding the atomic masses of each type of atom from the periodic table. To get the grams per mole of sugar, multiply the subscript after each atom by its atomic mass. For example, you multiply the mass of hydrogen (1) by the number of hydrogen atoms (22). You may need to use more significant figures for the atomic masses for your calculations, but for this example, only 1 significant figure was given for the mass of sugar, so one significant figure for atomic mass is used. Add together the values for each of the atoms to get the total grams per mole: C12H22O11 (12)(12) (1)(22) (16)(11)C12H22O11 144 22 176C12H22O11 342 g/mol To get the number of moles in a specific mass, divide the number of grams per mole into the size of the sample: 4 g/(342 g/mol) 0.0117 mol Step 2 - Determine the volume of solution in liters The key here is to remember you need the volume of solution, not just the volume of solvent. Often, the amount of solute doesnt really change the volume of the solution, so you can simply use the volume of solvent. 350 ml x (1L/1000 ml) 0.350 L Step 3 - Determine the molarity of the solution M m/VM 0.0117 mol /0.350 LM 0.033 mol/L Answer: The molarity of the sugar solution is 0.033 mol/L. Tips for Success Watch the number of significant figures you use from the periodic table and throughout your calculations. This can affect you final answer slightly.Remember you need volume of solution, not volume of solvent. For solutions made by mixing two liquids, this can be particularly important. You cant always add together the volumes to get the final volume. For example, if you mix alcohol and water, the final volume will be less than the sum of that of alcohol and water. The concept of miscibility comes into play.

Free Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free Speech - Essay Example The concept of free speech is one which is initiated as it protects the right of human beings to have a sense of freedom. When one is able to express themselves through communication, thoughts and opinions, it becomes a freedom. This is furthered by the ability to protect the communication and the rights of individuals to the expression. The meaning of free speech isn’t one which is based on the opinions or ideals of an individual. Instead, it is the freedom of communication and expression which remains important. If this is regulated or taken away, then it creates a lack of freedom of expression and impacts the level of freedom which one has. If the freedom of speech is taken away, it ultimately leads away from having a free society in one of the most important forms of expression and communication (Sedler, 377). The concept of living in a free society through the use of expression and communication is furthered with the ideal of using communication as a way for an individual to protect other rights. If one is able to make a statement about what is wrong in a given situation, then this becomes a protection toward a given situation or circumstance.

Business and Consumer Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Consumer Society - Essay Example When the consumer buys and consumes more, he has wealth and satisfied, than producing more of what he cannot fully utilized. It is advantageous to create more employment, give skills and knowledge to consumers to be independent. This will create more producers and universal employment. Building projects on consumer’s choices reduce the expected targets, therefore, investing on the production of skilled and knowledgeable consumers leads to more production and sustainability (Bauman 203). When there is adequate disposal of consumer choices, the consumer will have more variety of products. The same to the producers, when they have a variety of products targeting all range of consumers, the producers will have a wide range of consumers who utilize their produce. For example, when a food processing company produces a variety of food products, like margarine, peanut, cooking fat, and honey, it targets a wide range of consumers. The consumers who do not use honey may opt for peanut. It is difficult to plan for the consumer products that one has not yet acquired. When one plans, for what has not acquired, he may run short on the targeted budget. So it is advisable to create consumer products that target all the wide range of consumers’ needs. ... Though it is a good business, there was no immediate market for the produce. The firm ended up closing down because there was no market for the animal feeds. The firm ran at an enormous loss. Therefore, before putting up a business, take time to study the market and the favorable conditions for business. Demand for consumer products plays a leading role in the consumer products. Sufficient markets for the products reduce the wastage of consumer products. Demand for consumer products helps in the acquisition, the distribution and the use of these consumer goods. With sufficient demand of the consumer goods, there will be the adequate equitable of the consumer goods. This will make the producers produce be utilized by the consumers (Bauman 219). Creating demand for products enables the sustainability and specialization in the economy. The producers will have their market where they sell their products and consumers will get the products they need (Bauman 67). The producers should creat e market for the products they are producing for the already existing market they have created. This will enhance equitable in the products produced, and development in the resources produced. Resources is fully utilized when the demand for the finished products is available, reducing the wastage of finished goods and services. All the targeted consumers will receive the products of their choice. This leads to specialization enhancing development of other sectors in the economy. Therefore, it is advisable take time and knows ones demand and the markets. When the market has been known, selling and buying of consumer products will be easily and successful. This will enhance full

Draft for Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Draft for Case Study - Essay Example This little story is much like the case we have before us today. The injury suffered by the Plaintiff is being attributed to an advice given by employees of the Defendant, although there in fact exists no logical connection between the two. The defendant, Bethlehem Ice Solutions, is a popular ski resort for a number of reasons – it has good ski slopes the avid skier enjoys, it has comfortable and well appointed facilities for its guests, and it has a good safety track record. Had it been otherwise, lovers of skiing would not have flocked to this place such as the April morning when the incident occurred. Let us summarize the facts so far established. On that morning, a guest at the resort by the name of Craig approached Bethlehem’s staff Dan and Abby and asked about â€Å"a slope that is open and suitable for the moderately skilled skier.† Dan and Abby pointed him to Willie’s Wander which was acknowledged by all as a â€Å"relatively easy run.† When he took that slope, Craig felt that he could not after all take it, and decided to walk down. Not only did he decide to walk down, but he also decided to â€Å"cut across to a neighboring slope† that he adjudged to be closer to the parking lot. It is in this slope that Craig encountered Alex, the plaintiff in this case, on the way down, which resulted in injury to Alex. These are the facts as they stand in the present case. Now, Alex has brought action against Bethlehem because he believes Bethlehem is responsible for his accident. In short, Alex says Bethlehem caused his injury, by sending Craig down the Willie’s Wander run. Specifically, Alex says Bethlehem was negligent in giving Craig the wrong advice that sent him down the slope on which he collided with Alex and therefore caused his injuries. But wait, am I getting this right? Was Alex on Willie’s Wander when he and Craig accidentally collided? The facts say NO, they collided on another, nearby run, the more dangerous run where

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay The assignments object is to design and evaluate an error control codec. This aims to prove in practice the Hamming code theory. In the first part there is a design of an encoder and its simulation. From the encoder simulation we can figure how the code words are generated and when a codeword is valid. The decoder purpose is to recover the codeword from the received word. To accomplish this, syndrome theory was used. A design and a simulation of the decoder is shown in answer 2. Final, a codec is designed with an addition of XOR gates to introduce errors. The main reason of this is to understand why Hamming code can detect 2 errors and correct only one. Introduction to Hamming linear block codes Noise causes errors (data distortion) during transmission. So, a received message has bit errors. A repercussion of noise is the alteration of one or more bits of a codeword. Alteration of a bit means inversion of its situation because signals have binary form. Some examples of noisy communication channels are: a) an analogue telephone line which, over which two modems communicate digital information and b) a disk drive. There are two solutions that can achieve perfect communication over an imperfect noisy communication channel, physical and system solution. Physical modifications increase the cost of the communication channel. Information theory and coding theory offer an alternative approach: we accept the given noisy channel as it is and add communication systems to it, so that we can detect and correct the errors introduced by the channel. As shown in figure 1, we add an encoder before the channel and a decoder after it. The encoder encodes the source message s into a transmitted message t, adding redundancy to the original message in some way. The channel adds noise to the transmitted message, yielding a received message r. The decoder uses the known redundancy introduced by the encoding system to infer both the original signal and the added noise. Figure 1 Error correcting codes for the binary symmetric channel [1] The only cost for system solution is a computational requirement at the encoder and decoder. Error detection and error correction In order to make error correction possible, the bit errors must be detected. When an error has been detected, the correction can be obtained by: a) receiver asks for repeated transmission of the incorrect codeword until a correct one has been received Æ’Â   Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) b) using the structure of the error correcting code to correct the error Æ’Â   Forward Error Correction (FEC). Forward Error Correction is been use for this assignment. Error Detection Automatic Repeat Request Forward Error Correction Block Code Block Code Convolutional Code Figure 2 The main methods to introduce error correction coding Linear block codes Linear block codes are a class of parity check codes that can be characterized by the (n, k) notation. The encoder transforms a block of k message digits into a longer block of n codeword digits constructed from a given alphabet of elements. When the alphabet consists of two elements (0 and 1), the code is a binary code comprising binary digits (bits).[4] The current assignment of linear block codes is restricted to binary codes. The output of an information source is a sequence of binary digits 0 or 1 (since we discuss about binary codes). In block coding, this binary information sequence is segmented into message blocks of fixed length. Each block can represent any of 2k distinct messages. The channel encoder transforms each k-bit data block into a larger block of n bits, called code bits. The (n-k) bits, which the channel encoder adds to each data block, are called redundant or parity bits. Redundant or parity bits carry no information. Such a code is referred to as an (n, k) code. [5] The encoding result is the codeword. Any generator matrix of an (n, k) code can be reduced by row operations and column permutations to the systematic form. [6] We call a systematic code the code where the first k digits (information or message bits) of the code word are exactly the same as the message bits block and the last n-k digits are the parity bits as it shown below. Message Information bits Redundant or parity bits k n-k n digit codeword Figure 3 (n, k systematic block code) Encoding and Decoding of Linear Block Codes The generator matrix is a matrix of basis vectors. The generator matrix G for an (n, k) block code can be used to generate the appropriate n-digit codeword from any given k-digit data sequence. The H and corresponding G matrices for the current assignment block code (6, 3) are shown below: Æ’Â   H is the parity check matrix Æ’Â   G is the generator matrix The first three columns are the data bits and the rest three columns are the parity bits. Systematic code words are sometimes written so that the message bits occupy the left hand portion of the codeword and the parity bits occupy the right hand portion. This reordering has no effect on the error detection or error correction properties of the code.[4] Study of G shows that on the left of the dotted partition there is a 33 unit diagonal matrix and on the right of the partition there is a parity check section. This part of G is the transpose of the left hand portion of H. As this code has a single error correcting capability then dmin, and the weight of the codeword must be 3. As the identity matrix has a single one in each row then the parity check section must contain at least two ones. In addition to this constraint, rows cannot be identical. [7] The parity check bits are selected so they are independent of each other. The Hamming distance between two code words is defined as the number of bits in which they differ. The weight of a binary codeword is defined as the number of ones which it contains (the number of the nonzero elements-bits). The codeword is given by the multiplication of data bits and the generator matrix. The operations of modulo-2 multiplication (AND) and modulo-2 addition (EXOR) are used for the binary field. Æ’Â   EXOR addition Æ’Â   AND multiplication The parity check equations are shown below: If the components of the output transmission satisfy these equations: then the received codeword is valid. These equations can be written in a matrix form: where c is the codeword. The syndrome Let c be a code vector which was transmitted over a noisy channel. At the receiver we might obtain a corrupted vector r. Decoder must recover c from r. The decoder computes, S=Hr where S is called the syndrome and r is the received vector (arranged as a column vector) then if, then r is not a code word. The syndrome is the result of a parity check performed on r to determine whether r is a valid member of the codeword set. If r is a member the syndrome S has a value 0. If r contains detectable errors, the syndrome has some nonzero value. The decoder will take actions to locate the errors and correct them in the case of FEC. No column of H can be all zeros, or else an error in the corresponding codeword position would not affect the syndrome and would be undetectable. All columns of H must be unique. If two columns of H were identical, errors in these two corresponding codeword positions would be indistinguishable. [4] Hamming code can correct a single bit error and detect two bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Answers to assignment questions Task 1 Design the encoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can implement your parity generation using XOR gates. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 1 An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry. [3] Encoder creates the codeword in a combination of information and parity bits. Interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous way in order to increase performance and avoid burst errors. In our case we use interleaved to protect the data bits from continuous error. Figure 4 Encoder design for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec Since the encoder is for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec, that means there are 3 information bits and 3 parity bits. Thus, 8 code words are generated from the encoder Æ’Â   2k where k are information bits Æ’Â   23=8. The H and G matrix are shown below for a (6, 3) Hamming code: All possible code words Message x G = Codeword Weight [000] x G 000000 0 [001] x G 001011 3 [010] x G 010101 3 [100] x G 100110 3 [011] x G 011110 4 [101] x G 101101 4 [110] x G 110011 4 [111] x G 111000 3 Table 1 All possible code words The minimum distance is dmin=3 Figure 5 Encoder simulation Checking if c=(D1D2D3P1P2P3) is a codeword The EXOR gate () is a logic gate that gives an output of 1 when only one of its inputs is 1. X1 (Input) X2 (Input) Y1 (Output) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 2 Truth table of EXOR Gate Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   c is a valid codeword. Task 2 Design the decoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting coded using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can use a 3-to-8 line decoder for syndrome decoding and XOR gates for the controlled inversion. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 2 A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. [3] Decoder tries to reveal the correct data word from the codeword. Thus means that here is the process where detection and correction of codeword take place. Figure 6 Decoder design for a (6.3) Hamming single error correcting codec Decode the received codeword Figure 7 Decoder simulation r is the received word Æ’Â   111000 Æ’Â   Æ’Â   r is code word Task 3 Join your encoder to decoder and add an XOR gate with an input in each bit transmission line to allow you to introduce errors into the transmission. Simulate your circuit and check that it can cope with the six single errors as expected. Answer 3 Figure 8 Codec desing Figure 9 Six single errors As it shown from the above figure the codec can cope with the six single errors. This is possible because: Message x G = Encoder Codeword Weight [000] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 000000 0 [001] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 001011 3 [010] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 010101 3 [100] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 100110 3 [011] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 011110 4 [101] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 101101 4 [110] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 110011 4 [111] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 111000 3 Table 3 All possible code words and their hamming weight The minimum distance of a linear block code is defined as the smallest Hamming distance between any pair of code words in the code.[5] The minimum distance is dmin=3. The error correcting capability t of a code is defined as the maximum number of guaranteed correctable errors per codeword. where t is the error correcting capability For dmin=3 we can see that all t=1 bit error patterns are correctable. In general, a t-error correcting (n, k) linear code is capable of correcting a total of 2n-k error patterns.[4] Task 4 By experimenting with your implemented codec, examine the effect, in terms of additional errors, of (i) all 15 double errors, (ii) all 20 triple errors, (iii) all 15 quadruple errors, (iv) all 6 quintuple errors, (v) the single sextuple error. Note. You only need consider one of the 8 possible input data words. Why? Answer 4 (i) Figure 10 15 double errors (ii) Figure 11 20 triple errors (iii) Figure 12 15 quadruple errors (iv) Figure 13 6 quintuple errors (v) Figure 14 The single sextuple error Since the error correcting capability is tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1, our codec cant detect or correct more than 1 error. Thus, the above results. Task 5 Calculate the post codec probability of a code being in error, A(n), for each of the five categories examined in Task 4. Then calculate the overall number of errors per 6 bit word, Eav, given by the following model based on the binomial distribution as function of the channel bit error probability p. Plot the decoded error probability as function of p. Over what range of p do you conclude that this codec is useful and why? Answer 5 A(n)=1-(number of correct errors/number of total errors) A(n) is going to be always 1 except the case where the codec detects and corrects 1 single error Æ’Â   then A(n)=1 Using matlab for the plot p=[0:0.01:1]; Eav=[15*p.^2.*(1-p).^4+20*p.^3.*(1-p).^3+15*p.^4.*(1-p).^2+6*p.^5.*(1-p).^1+p.^6.*(1-p).^0];pd=Eav/6; plot(p,pd) xlabel(Bit error probability (p)) ylabel(Decoder error probability Pd(p)) grid on Figure 15 Plot of decoder error probability (pd) as function of p Conclusions Parity bits must be added for the error detection and correction. Hamming distance is the criterion for error detection and correction. Error detection can be done with addition of one parity bit but error correction needs more parity bits (Hamming code). Hamming code can detect 2 bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Hamming code can correct only a single bit error. The ability to correct single bit errors comes at a cost which is less than sending the entire message twice. Sending a message twice is not accomplish an error correction.

Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Afric

Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Africa and Zimbabwe Introduction Comparative politics is concerned with examining the characteristics or qualities of two different political entities to discover resemblances or differences. These entities can be general in nature, for example, the comparison of two countries, or more specific in nature, comparing two different systems of government. But, whether general or specific in nature, comparative politics tries to determine what caused the governments to form in the way that they did. One way to do this is to look for the cleavages that affected each of the countries in question. A cleavage is a split that occurs within a culture and can cause conflict Cleavages can be in the form of : Economic divisions between two or more groups based on financial considerations. Ethnic divisions between two or more groups based on cultural beliefs. Political divisions between two or more parties involving conflicting ideologies. Racial divisions between two or more races. Regional divisions between two or more groups based on geographical concerns. Religious divisions between two or more religious groups with differing beliefs. This paper intends to demonstrate that the comparative method may be used to better understand the socioeconomic and political cleavages within two specific countries, and that this study may lead to a clearer understanding of the issues within the chosen countries that are causing those divisions. The countries that will be examined in this brief study of cleavages are Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa. It is hoped that by examining specific socioeconomic cleavages of the two countries in th... ...izer. Mbeki should do something similar. The health of a country ultimately resides in the well-being of its citizens. Works Cited Dunn, Kate. "Learning from Zimbabwe's bitter lessons." Christian Science Monitor. 09/15/2000, Vol. 92 Issue 206, p 8. Dunn, Kate. "Surfeit of Ideas, But still no land reform in Zimbabwe." Christian Science Monitor. 11/08/2000, Vol. 92 Issue 243, p 7. The Economist, "South Africa's anxious eyes on Zimbabwe." 04115/2000, Vol. 355 Issue 8166, p 39. The Economist, "Zimbabwe's tighter belts, and shorter tempers." 0/28/00, Vol. 355, p 41. Meldrurn, Andrew. "African leaders criticize Mugabe for farm seizures." www.guardianunlimited.co.uk, 12/01/2000. Owen, Danielle. "Land reform overdue in South Africa," Progress Report. www.progress.org UNAIDS. www.unaids.org. Statistics of AIDS on a country by country basis.

Moral Issues in the United States Navy

The United States Navy is a branch of the United States armed forces. The USN has a goal of educating and preparing combat-ready naval forces. The United States Navy’s mission is to produce naval forces that are proficient and skilled in combat mission especially in winning wars and able to sustain freedom of the seas. In addition to this, most of the naval operations are under their responsibility. It traces its origins to the Continental Navy, and nowadays, there are over 335,000 personnel and operates 280 ships on active duty. The military professionals, including those in the navy are expected by the society to follow a higher moral standard. It is the mission and the image that people or the society sees upon these professionals. As such, there is a need for the strict implementation of professional ethics and moral codes. Generals or commanders always enforce their troops or subordinates to follow moral goodness. If moral failure occurs or when an officer was not able to follow direct orders given to him, they give reprimands and even punishments. The punishment can either be suspension, dismissal from service, demotion or being jailed in a military prison. Furthermore, because of these expectations and high moral standards, moral problems of the slightest case are treated immediately. Actions are done in order to correct whatever mistake was committed that may put a blemish on the name of the navy. In an article by Sara Corbett, which was published on March 18, 2007 at the New York Times, a female United States Navy faced melancholy and turmoil due to a simple moral problem that she committed. The United States Navy at that time had to depart or be deployed in Iraq for the war. Due to personal reasons, Suzanne Swift who was a 21-year-old, went AWOL or absence without official leave. She did not report on her duties for two days and stayed away hiding from the navy through the help of her friends. She continuously received messages and calls from her superiors and fellow soldiers during her AWOL but still, she did not report on her duties. By the month of April, after the departure of the ship where Suzanne Swift was supposed to board, she returned to her family’s home (Corbett, 2007). By the 11th of June, there were two local officers who visited her family’s home and found her painting her toenails. The local officers arrested Suzanne Swift and brought her to county jail. After two days, she was taken to Fort Lewis wherein she would be charged with being AWOL. Unable to continue her duties as a soldier, she was placed on a room in the barracks where she performed desk jobs. The military procedures when it comes to AWOL soldiers are really established that actions taken are promptly. Utilitarianism refers to the doctrine of ethics wherein the action considered or taken is in the form of consequentialism. In addition to this, the course of action that is taken is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. In simple terms, it is for the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest number of people† (Mill, 1998). In the case of Suzanne Swift, the navy left without her because it is the right thing to do, for them not to delay their mission and contribute to the benefit of the many. On the other hand, it was not morally right for Swift to abandon her duties since she was merely thinking of herself and not the benefit of others. In the field, she could help her fellow soldiers and even aid in their cause, but she chose not to. Suzanne Swift has the right for a lawyer and the right to defend her stand, but if utilitarianism is considered as basis for judging her, then she would be instantly convicted guilty. Works Cited Corbett, Sara. â€Å"The Women's War.† The New York Times   (March 18, 2007). January 14, 2008 . Mill, John Stuary. Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.      

The First Battle of the Marne

The First Battle of the Marne From September 6-12, 1914, just one month into World War I, the First Battle of the Marne took place just 30 miles northeast of Paris in the Marne River Valley of France. Following the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans had been moving swiftly toward Paris when the French staged a surprise attack that began the First Battle of the Marne. The French, with the aid of some British troops, successfully halted the German advance and both sides dug in. The resulting trenches became the first of many that characterized the rest of World War I. Because of their loss at the Battle of the Marne, the Germans, now stuck in muddy, bloody trenches, were not able to eliminate the second front of World War I; thus, the war was to last years rather than months. World War I Begins Upon the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian, Austria-Hungary officially declared war on Serbia on July 28- a month to the day from the assassination.  Serbian ally Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary.  Germany then jumped into the looming battle at the defense of Austria-Hungary.  And France, who had an alliance with Russia, also joined the war. World War I had begun. Germany, who was literally in the middle of all this, was in a predicament. To fight France in the west and Russia in the east, Germany would need to divide its troops and resources and then send them in separate directions. This would cause the Germans to have a weakened position on both fronts. Germany had been afraid this might happen. Thus, years before World War I, they had created a plan for just such a contingency- the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was developed in the early 20th century by German Count Albert von Schlieffen, chief of the German Great General Staff from 1891 to 1905. The plan aimed to end a two-front war as quickly as possible. Schlieffen’s plan involved speed and Belgium. At that time in history, the French had heavily fortified their border with Germany; thus it would take months, if not longer, for the Germans to try to break through those defenses. They needed a faster plan. Schlieffen advocated circumventing these fortifications by invading France from the north via Belgium.  However, the assault had to happen quickly- before the Russians could gather their forces and attack Germany from the east. The downside of Schlieffen’s plan was that Belgium was at that time still a neutral country; a direct attack would bring Belgium into the war on the side of the Allies. The positive of the plan was that a quick victory over France would bring a swift end to the Western Front and then Germany could shift all of its resources to the east in their fight with Russia. At the beginning of World War I, Germany decided to take its chances and put the Schlieffen Plan, with a few changes, into effect.  Schlieffen had calculated that the plan would take only 42 days to complete. The Germans headed to Paris via Belgium. The March to Paris The French, of course, tried to stop the Germans. They challenged the Germans along the French-Belgian border in the Battle of Frontiers. Although this successfully slowed the Germans down, the Germans ultimately broke through and continued southward toward the French capital of Paris.   As the Germans advanced, Paris readied itself for a siege. On September 2, the French government evacuated to the city of Bordeaux, leaving French General Joseph-Simon Gallieni as the new military governor of Paris, in charge of the defense of the city. As the Germans advanced rapidly toward Paris, the German First and Second Armies (led by Generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bà ¼low respectively) were following parallel paths southward, with the First Army a little to the west and the Second Army a bit to the east. Although Kluck and Bà ¼low had been directed to approach Paris as a unit, supporting one another, Kluck got distracted when he sensed easy prey. Instead of following orders and heading directly to Paris, Kluck chose instead to pursue the exhausted, retreating French Fifth Army, led by General Charles Lanrezac. Kluck’s distraction not only did not turn into a quick and decisive victory, but it also created a gap between the German First and Second Armies and exposed the First Army’s right flank, leaving them susceptible to a French counterattack. On September 3, Kluck’s First Army crossed the Marne River and entered the Marne River Valley. The Battle Begins Despite Gallieni’s many last-minute preparations within the city, he knew that Paris couldn’t withstand a siege for long; thus, upon learning of Kluck’s new movements, Gallieni urged the French military to launch a surprise attack before the Germans reached Paris. Chief of the French General Staff Joseph Joffre had exactly the same idea. It was an opportunity that couldn’t be passed up, even if it was a surprisingly optimistic plan in the face of the ongoing massive retreat from northern France. Troops on both sides were utterly and completely exhausted from the long and fast march south. However, the French had an advantage in the fact that as they had retreated south, closer to Paris, their supply lines had shortened; while the Germans’ supply lines had become stretched thin. On September 6, 1914, the 37th day of the German campaign, the Battle of the Marne began. The French Sixth Army, led by General Michel Maunoury, attacked Germany’s First Army from the west. Under attack, Kluck swung even further west, away from the German Second Army, to confront the French attackers. This created a 30-mile gap between the German First and Second Armies. Kluck’s First Army nearly defeated the French’s Sixth when, in the nick in time, the French received 6,000 reinforcements from Paris, brought to the front via 630 taxicabs- the very first automotive transport of troops during the war in history. Meanwhile, the French Fifth Army, now led by General Louis Franchet d’Esperey (who had replaced Lanrezac), and Field Marshal John French’s British troops (who agreed to join in the battle only after much, much urging) pushed up into the 30-mile gap that divided the German First and Second Armies. The French Fifth Army then attacked Bà ¼low’s Second Army. Mass confusion within the German army ensued. For the French, what began as a move of desperation ended up as a wild success, and the Germans began to be pushed back.   The Digging of Trenches By September 9, 1914, it was apparent that the German advance had been halted by the French.  Intending to eliminate this dangerous gap between their armies, the Germans began to retreat, regrouping 40 miles to the northeast, on the border of the Aisne River.   German Chief of the Great General Staff Helmuth von Moltke was mortified by this unexpected change in course and suffered a nervous breakdown.  As a result, the retreat was handled by Moltke’s subsidiaries, causing the German forces to pull back at a much slower pace than they had advanced.   The process was further hampered by the loss in communications between the divisions and a rainstorm on September 11 that turned everything to mud, slowing down man and horse alike. In the end, it took the Germans a total of three full days to retreat.   By September 12, the battle had officially ended, and the German divisions were all relocated to the banks of the Aisne River where they began regrouping.  Moltke, shortly before he was replaced, gave one of the most important orders of the war- â€Å"The lines so reached will be fortified and defended.†1 The German troops began digging trenches. The process of trench digging took nearly two months but was still only meant to be a temporary measure against French retaliation.  Instead, gone were the days of open warfare; both sides remained within these underground lairs until the end of the war. Trench warfare, begun at the First Battle of the Marne, would come to monopolize the rest of World War I. The Toll of the Battle of the Marne In the end, the Battle of the Marne was a bloody battle. Casualties (both those killed and wounded) for the French forces are roughly estimated around 250,000 men; casualties for the Germans, who had no official tally, are estimated to be around the same number.  The British lost 12,733.   The First Battle of the Marne was successful in halting the German advance to seize Paris; however, it is also one of the main reasons that the war continued past the point of initial brief projections.  According to historian Barbara Tuchman, in her book The Guns of August, The Battle of the Marne was one of the decisive battles of the world not because it determined that Germany would eventually lose or the Allies ultimately win the war but because it determined that the war would go on.2 The Second Battle of the Marne The area of the Marne River Valley would be revisited with large-scale warfare in July 1918 when German General Erich von Ludendorff attempted one of the final German offensives of the war.   This attempted advance became known as the Second Battle of the Marne but was rapidly halted by Allied forces. It is viewed today as one of the keys to ultimately ending the war as the Germans realized that they lacked the resources to win the battles necessary to win World War I.

Sectionalism vs. Nationalism essays

Sectionalism vs. Nationalism essays It could be said that both Sectionalism and nationalism increased during the Era of Good Feelings. However, the Era of Good Feelings was, to a certain degree, misnamed. By the 1820s an Era of Inflamed Feelings was beginning to undermine the Era of Good Feelings. Political giants were fighting for power and promoting the clashing economic interests of their relevant sections. In 1820 these feelings of sectionalism became painfully obvious. Missouri, wanting to enter the country as a slave state was denied that right, due to the fact that many northern congressmen did not want slavery to flourish in the virgin lands of the west. Sectionalism had reached a high point in the, Era of Good Feelings, and no one was terribly interested in the good of the entire country. The Missouri compromise was the obvious beginning of the problem of sectionalism. When Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state, those opposing slavery were distressed. If Missouri were to become a slave state, the slave states would have the advantage in congress, twelve slave states opposed to the eleven free states. The temporary solution to this problem was the Missouri compromise. The Missouri compromise allowed Missouri to become a slave state, but it denied this right for any future states north of the Southern boundary of Missouri, except Missouri. Many people saw this compromise only as a provisional solution to the problem between the slave states and the free states. Thomas Jefferson, who had not been paying attention to public affairs, was awakened by this Missouri question, this momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. (Thomas Jefferson, Letter to congressman John Holmes of Massachusetts, April 22, 1820.) Thomas J efferson went on in his letter to John Holmes to talk of the future of the country, and how the Missouri compromise was but a reprieve. John Q...

How Environmental Factors Can Affect the Business Organization Essay

How Environmental Factors Can Affect the Business Organization - Essay Example By 2005, it had over 80 employees and several customers, which ranges from supermarkets, restaurants, cafes, and households. The company will be used as a case study to answer the questions in the subsequent paragraphs. Open system approach to organizations An open approach system to organization implies that an organization interacts with its outside environment, which in turn influences the structure and operations of the organization. The fact that an open system interacts with the outside environment implies that an organization is an open system should always adapt to changes in the environment. For a long time, Icy Foods Ltd. has been operating on informal basis judging, by the way, operations are loosely divided into five departments with no clear-cut framework. Moreover, the company used to accept orders with less or no regard to quality or quantity specifications of the product. This lack of organization explains why the company lacked customers from major supermarket chains . The other apparent misgiving that characterized Icy Foods Ltd. is the lack of clear division of labor and specialization. This fact is inherent in the way the company conducts job rotations (Weiner, 2002). Job rotation is not a good concept because it does not give the employees the chance to gain experience in a given line of duty. The fact that the company did not embrace quality and efficiency in its operations negatively affected its business performance. Before the takeover by Megastores Plc., the company had adopted an organic organization structure in managing the various operations. The management, prior to the takeover, operated an open-door policy. The management was keen on hearing employee’s ideas on new products and operational improvements. There was also a flexible approach to handling employees’ issues such as working hours and leave. After the successful takeover, the management came up with a raft of new changes that were more bureaucratic as oppose d to the organic system that the management had used to all along. The company adopted strict operational procedures that all the workers were compelled to follow to the latter. The new management placed much emphasis on operational efficiency, and work was based on performance. Decisions at the company were made unilaterally by the management without any consultations whatsoever, with the stakeholders. The human-resource department was formed to manage the human-resource issues. This bureaucratic approach to management led to high turnover at the organization. Moreover, it resulted in low motivation levels among the employees (Cassidy & Kreitner, 2009). It is worth noting that bureaucratic approach to management of the organization has one critical advantage, which is an improvement of efficiency in operation and management of the resources of the organization. Since the adoption of the bureaucratic leadership style at the organization, the efficiency at the organization has improv ed by a whopping 35%. How environmental factors can affect the business organization The year, 2005-2010 saw several changes in the business environment that adversely affected the business performance of Icy Foods Ltd. The fact that major supermarket chains dominated the ready foods market drove out of the market the smaller retail outlets from a business.  

Engel vs Vitale Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Engel vs Vitale - Research Paper Example Amen†. The parents of the students filed a case against the school for violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Issue: Whether or not the recitation of the prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Held: The Supreme Court held that the mandatory requirement of recitation of an official prayer in a public school in unconstitutional as it violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution. â€Å"The justices have observed that the place of religion in our society is an exalted one, but in the relationship between man and religion, the State is firmly committed to a position of neutrality. Students may pray silently as they wish. What the Constitution forbids is the sponsorship or encouragement of prayer, directly or indirectly, by public school authorities (Edwards III, Wattenberg and Lineberry, 107)†. The Court has given an emphasis on the importance of separation between church and state. The promotion of a religious belief by the school through the recitation of a prescribed prayer creates a Constitutional infirmity. It is considered as a religious activity, and the promotion by the school of a particular religious belief to be adapted by its students is constitutionally impermissible. The Court did not agree with the defendant’s position that the promotion of the religious belief is not coercive.  It further explained that mere promotion such as recitation of an official prayer in school is sufficient to establish a violation. The civil liberty of the freedom of religion is a right guaranteed by the Constitution which must be upheld and respected by the school authorities. According to Judge Albert Rosenblatt, â€Å"by Establishment, we mean state religion, in 1791, the framers of the Constitution recognized that the country (USA) would do better not with just a single religion, but a diversity of religion in relation to Madison and Jefferson’s thinking and we value it today as Ameri cans, and felt good about the role of the separation of the church and the state. However, First Amendment prohibits establishment of a religion, it did prohibit state religion which means, when the government did support a national or state religion, which means all tax payers are paying to support a particular a faith or creed that is not yours. As Americans, we do not want the government to support one particular religion. It is not politically ideological, cultural and financial that we pay or support one particular religion† (State Court Watch). Rosenblatt’s view that the separation of the church and the state is inviolable should be upheld. â€Å"Thomas Jefferson has argued that the first amendment created a wall of separation between the church and the state, forbidding not just to favouritism, but also any support to religion at all (Edwards III, Wattenberg and Lineberry, 106).† In this particular case, students should not be exposed to the practice of re citation of a voluntary prayer which is not in accordance with their religious belief. Every person must be given the freedom to choose their own religion and faith. Religious liberty is a right of a person recognized under the constitution. The principle of federalism teaches us that the government of this nation is shared by two sets of sovereigns,

Financial Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Decision Making - Essay Example Therefore, it won't be an exaggeration to say that finance is the lifeblood of all enterprises. This is particularly so when economics are undergoing structural changes and economic reforms are in the making to introduce greater elements of competitive forces. In a competitive environment managers are faced with a challenge to compete for resources and to find a better utilization of such resources. Finance is a specialized subject in itself but it draws heavily on other related functions like marketing, production, personnel, purchase etc. Drury (2004, p.5) states "Management accounting is concerned with the provision of information to people within the organization to help them make better decisions and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing operations" (Lev, 2001) stated that existing financial accounting standards sharply distinguish between physical and intangible assets. While physical assets (e.g., property, plant, and equipment) are valued on the balance sheet at the price paid to obtain them, less accumulated depreciation, intangible "assets" are expensed as incurred. Accounting is therefore considered an integral part of the knowledge management within an organization. ... What mix of equity and debt to use How much financial risk to take Making a calculated financial decision makes a big difference between a prosperous and growing business and a liability. The prime function of a management executive in a business organization is decision-making and forward planning. Decision making means the process of selecting one action from two or more alternative courses of action whereas forward planning involves means establishing plans for the future. The question of choice arises because resources such as capital, land, labor and management are limited and can be employed in alternative uses. The manager is thus supposed to analyze the past data, current information and the estimates about future predicted as best as possible. This application of economic theory to business management is known as managerial economics. This is micro-economic in character as the unit of study is the company. The following aspects are said to be generally under the ambit of managerial economics; Demand analysis and forecasting Cost and production analysis Pricing decisions, policies and practices Profit management Capital management. Often a distinction is made between management accounting and financial accounting. Management accounting measures and reports financial and non-financial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of the organization. Its focus is on internal reporting. On the other hand financial accounting is considered to have a focus on reporting to external parties. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on the 'Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)'. Therefore managers are responsible for the financial statements

Moral Teachings of the Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Moral Teachings of the Catholic Church Essay Introduction: Catholics believes that acting morally means acting in accordance with the eternal laws of God, which are written into the human hearts so deeply that even those who know nothing of God can follow the path of morality. According to Cynthia Stewart, Nature law, as this interior marking is called, comes to humans through their capacity to reason, which sparks the conscience to respond to the eternal law. This means that people of other religions or the non religious all have the capacity to act as morally as catholic Christians, it is believes that they will struggle more since they will not have the benefit of the sacraments that opens them to grace to resist sin. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) regarded sin as a word, deed or desire contrary to the eternal law. The church classified sin into two parts, they are: mortal and venial sin. Catholic moral theology divides sin into two parts, primarily on the basis of degree and effect: What is mortal sin? According to http://www.catholicdoors.com/faq/qu06.htm :  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mortal sin is a radical possibility of human freedom, as is love itself. It results in the loss of charity and the private of sanctifying grace, that is, of the state of grace. If it is not redeemed by repentance of Gods forgiveness, it causes exclusion to make choices for ever, with no turning back. However, although we can judge that an act is in itself a serious offense, we must entrust judgment of persons to the justice and mercy of God.† For a sin to be mortal, three conditions must be met: Mortal sin is a sin whose object is a serious matter and which is also committed with full intension awareness and deliberate consent. A serious matter is specified by the Ten Commandments Corresponding to the answer to the rich young man: ⠝â€" Do not kill ⠝â€" Do not commit adultery ⠝â€" Do not steal ⠝â€" Do not bear false witness ⠝â€" Do not defraud ⠝â€" Honor your father and your mother What is venial sin? According to chrome://newtabhttp//christianityinview.com/catholic/morals.html: Venial (Pardonable) sin Positively, this sin does not directly destroy the relationship with God. Rather, it weakens that relationship. Unremitted venial sins can affect the duration spent in Purgatory. Therefore the church encourages confession of these types of sins as well without being strictly necessary. Confession of everyday faults (venial sins) is nevertheless strongly recommended by the church. Example of venial sin is, selfishness, jealously and anger. Venial sin involves the disobedience of the law of God in slight (venial) matters. If we gossip and destroy a persons reputation it would be a mortal sin. However, normally gossip is about trivial matters and only venially sinful. Additionally, something that is otherwise a mortal sin (e.g. slander) may be in a particular case only a venial sin. The person may have acted without reflection or under force of habit. Thus, not fully intending the action their guilt before God is reduced. It is always good to remember, especially those who are trying to be faithful but sometimes fall, that for mortal sin it must not only be, 1) Serious matter, but 2) The person must know it is serious and then 3) Freely commit it as was said previously. These two categories of sin are explicitly to be found in Sacred Scripture. In the Old Covenant there were sins that merited the death penalty and sins that could be expiated by an offering. This Law was a teacher that prepared the way for the faith (Gal. 3:24). In the New Covenant these material  categories are replaced by spiritual ones, natural death by eternal death. There are thus daily faults for which we must daily ask forgiveness (Mt. 6:12), for even the just man falls seven times a day (Prov. 24:16), and mortal faults that separate the sinner from God (1 Cor. 6:9-10) for all eternity. Indulgence The punishment of sin is also divided into two parts by catholic theology; they are, eternal and temporal. Normally, the eternal punishment for sin can be remitted through the Sacrament of Reconciliation. However, the church maintains that there is still a temporal punishment to be borne, as all sin is an affront to God. This then leads to the idea of Purgatory as a place where unremitted sin can be removed in the afterlife. Temporal punishment can be reduced or removed/ forgiven due to the concept of merit. Merit Doing more then is required by God can earn an individual merit. The most important merit is Christ himself, this is adequate enough to eliminate temporal penalty for all sin. The Merits of Christ and the saints form a treasury of merit. The Catholic Church maintains that it has the authority to dispense merit because of Christ’s promise to peter in Matthew 16:19. Therefore an Indulgence is simply a way of using this extra merit to reduce or remove the temporal penalty of sin. Indulgences may only be given to those who have no unconfessed mortal sins. According to whether the temporal penalty of sin is partially or fully removed, the Indulgence is called Partial or Plenary respectively. Abortion: Abortion is referred to as any death of a baby in the womb and its expulsion form the mother’s body according to today’s issues and Christian beliefs. Since the first century the church has affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not change and remains unchangeable.  Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the mortal law. It is important to distinguish between direct and indirect abortion: Indirect abortion occurs when treatment given to save the life of the Mother has the secondary effect of causing an abortion. In certain cases, this is considered permissible. The seriousness of the matter is highlighted by the fact that those who participate in or carry out direct abortions face the penalty of automatic excommunication from the church. The catholic theology teachings that human life begins from the moment of conception and as our entire human the unborn child should be see as a child of God as should therefore be protected. Hence the deliberate abortion of a child is a serious in all circumstances for it the killing of an innocent individual. The views of the religious leader of the Catholic Church have always been against as is proven by the following statements. â€Å"Human life is sacred; all men must recognize that fact† Pope Paul VI (Humanae Vitae) â€Å"Life must be protected with the utmost care from the moment of the conception: abortion and infanticide are abominable crimes† (Vatican II, Gaudium et Spes 51) The bible also gives perspectives on abortion in the following verses: Genesis 1:27 â€Å"God created human beings in his own imagine in the image of God he created them, male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them â€Å"be fruitful and increase†. Luke 12:6 â€Å"Jesus said, â€Å"isn’t five sparrows sold for two pennies? Yet not one sparrow is forgotten by God. Even the hairs of your head have all been counted. â€Å" Isaiah 49:15-16 â€Å"so the lord answers, ‘can a woman forget her own baby and not love the child she bore? Even if a mother should forget her child, I will never forget you! I have written your name in the palms of my hand. Contraceptives Contraception is â€Å"any actions which, either in anticipation of the conjugal act or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible† according to Humanae vitae 14. This includes sterilization, condoms and other barrier methods, spermicidal, coitus interruptus (withdrawal method), the pill, and all other such methods. The Catholic Church has strongly condemned all artificial methods of Contraceptives. Infact the church regards contraception as mortally sinful. The official position is stated in the papal encyclical Humanae Vitae , issued by Pope Paul VI in 1968. Though the Catholic Church rejects contraception, it does encourage a responsible attitude amongst couples in their spacing of births. It permits what is known as Natural family planning (NFP), which is a method whereby intercourse is avoided on those days when a woman is at the most fertile phase of her menstrual cycle. NFP can be taught by a specialist practitioner and success rates of well over 90% are claimed when the method is correctly followed. The bibles perspective on contraceptive: Genesis 38:8-10 â€Å" then Judah said Er’s brother Onan , â€Å"go and sleep with your brother’s widow, fulfill your obligations to her as her husbands brother, so that your brother may have descendants. But knew the children would not belong to him. So he had intercourse with her, he left his semen spill on the ground so there would be not descendants of his brother, what he did displeased the lord and he killed him also. Homosexuality Homosexuality refers to elations between men or between woman who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex according to chrome://newtabhttp//www.catholic.com/tracts/homosexuality. The Catholic view is that all Homosexual acts are morally and intrinsically wrong and thus the church requires people with Homosexual leanings to remain celibate. It also encourages proper respect as human beings for all Homosexual people, being opposed to any form of discrimination and persecution of Homosexuals. The church distinguishes between Homosexual acts and Homosexual leanings the latter may not be necessarily sinful. In 1986, the church issued its Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons, explaining this distinction: Although the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil; thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder. In 2005, the church issued its Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and t o Holy Orders. The policy states that those men with deeply rooted homosexual tendencies cannot be ordained under any circumstances. The rejection of homosexual behavior that is found in the Old Testament is well known. In Genesis19, two angels in disguise visit the city of Sodom and are offered hospitality and shelter by lot. During the night, the men of Sodom demand that lot hand over his guests for homosexual intercourse. Lot refuses, and the angels blind the men of Sodom. Lot and his household escape and the town is destroyed by fire â€Å"because the outcry against its people has become great before the lord.† (Genesis 19:13). The incident is not the only time the Old Testament deals with homosexuality. An explicit condemnation is found in the book of Leviticus: â€Å"you shall not lie with a male as with a  woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them† ( Lev. 18:22:20:13) Summary: To act morally is to follow God’s eternal law which is written deeply in the hearts of every human being despite race or religion. Even thought the ability to act morally is in us as human being we often fall victims to sin. Sin refers to an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law, the church divides sin into two categories, Mortal sin, which is an unpardonable sin entailing a total loss of grace. Examples of mortal sin are: adultery, abortion, murder. Venial sin the other types of sin are referred to as a relatively slight sin that does not entail damnation of soul. Example of venial sin is: selfishness, anger, jealousy. Issues that impact us today are: ⠝â€" Abortion which is refers to as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy or a miscarriage. The Catholic Church has consistently condemned the act of abortion. Catholics views human life as sacred and maintains that it should be protected by every means necessary as was stated by Pope Paul VI (Humanae Vitae). Biblical prove can also be found in Psalm 127:3 â€Å"Truly children are a gift from the lord; the fruit of the womb is a reward.† ⠝â€" Contraceptive can be defined as the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. The Catholic Church has strongly condemned all artificial methods of contraceptives as regards it as mortally sinful. Biblical proof to support this view can be found in Jeremiah 1:5 â€Å"I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations.† ⠝â€" Homosexuality is the manifestation of sexual desire towards a member of one’s own sex. The Catholic Church encourages proper respect as human beings even homosexuals although Catholics view are that all homosexual acts are intrinsically and morally wrong and encourages people with homosexual feelings to remain celibate. The bible conforms this in Leviticus 18:22 â€Å"thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination† Catholic theology also divides punishment for sins such as  those listed above in to two parts; they are eternal punishment which is sins that can be remitted through the sacrament of reconciliation. And temporal punishment which refers to punishment that can be reduce, removed or forgiven due to the concept of merit. Merit is referred to as doing more then is required by God.

Authoritarianism: Prevail, or Not? Essay -- Government Political Scie

â€Å"History proves that all dictatorships, all authoritarian forms of government are transient. Only democratic systems are not transient. Whatever the shortcomings, mankind has not devised anything superior,† Vladimir Putin once said this. With such a view of authoritarianism, there would be assumption that the entire world is on its way to seek such democracy if it is such a clear, correct choice. However, nothing is ever so simple, and this is not the case. In this essay I will take a look at how authoritarianism fails, as well as why it is able to prevail is some areas. Authoritarian forms of government do sometimes fail. The reasons for such failure include the public’s dissatisfaction with the current governmental regime, the emergence of relevant opposition, political negotiation with elites, the physical location as well as history of freedom in a given nation, and the deserting of the authoritarian leader. While there are legitimate reasons for nondemocratic regime failure and there have been great moves toward a more democratic world, there are also reasons authoritarianism is able to sustain and survive in some cases. The fairly recent back-slipping from democratic rule to nondemocratic rule, or authoritarianism, is contingent on many factors. Factors ranging from a state’s mineral wealth, to its history of repression, to the fact many new democracies are small and weak allow nondemocratic regimes to sustain and prevail in certain states. One of the first steps in the failure of authoritarianism is public dissatisfaction. There must be people within the state that are not content with the way the nondemocratic regime is governing. This sort of disapproval sets in motion a movement toward the breakdown of t... ...to represent the public interests. So, elites cash in on the resources while letting the rest of the nation suffer. Governments evolve and change all of the time. What makes a state fail or prevail as nondemocratic depends on very many things. And, although we cannot be sure what is to come for a given nation unquestionably, this paper is an overview of some basic, guiding tendencies and situations that cause a state to either fail or prevail as an authoritarian regime. Only time will tell what is truly in store for the world governing systems. Works Cited O'Neil, Patrick H., and Ronald Rogowski. "Chapterb6." Essential Readings in Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. 205-41. Print. O'Neil, Patrick H. "Chapter 6, Chapter 8." Essentials of Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &, 2007. 141-162+. Print. Authoritarianism: Prevail, or Not? Essay -- Government Political Scie â€Å"History proves that all dictatorships, all authoritarian forms of government are transient. Only democratic systems are not transient. Whatever the shortcomings, mankind has not devised anything superior,† Vladimir Putin once said this. With such a view of authoritarianism, there would be assumption that the entire world is on its way to seek such democracy if it is such a clear, correct choice. However, nothing is ever so simple, and this is not the case. In this essay I will take a look at how authoritarianism fails, as well as why it is able to prevail is some areas. Authoritarian forms of government do sometimes fail. The reasons for such failure include the public’s dissatisfaction with the current governmental regime, the emergence of relevant opposition, political negotiation with elites, the physical location as well as history of freedom in a given nation, and the deserting of the authoritarian leader. While there are legitimate reasons for nondemocratic regime failure and there have been great moves toward a more democratic world, there are also reasons authoritarianism is able to sustain and survive in some cases. The fairly recent back-slipping from democratic rule to nondemocratic rule, or authoritarianism, is contingent on many factors. Factors ranging from a state’s mineral wealth, to its history of repression, to the fact many new democracies are small and weak allow nondemocratic regimes to sustain and prevail in certain states. One of the first steps in the failure of authoritarianism is public dissatisfaction. There must be people within the state that are not content with the way the nondemocratic regime is governing. This sort of disapproval sets in motion a movement toward the breakdown of t... ...to represent the public interests. So, elites cash in on the resources while letting the rest of the nation suffer. Governments evolve and change all of the time. What makes a state fail or prevail as nondemocratic depends on very many things. And, although we cannot be sure what is to come for a given nation unquestionably, this paper is an overview of some basic, guiding tendencies and situations that cause a state to either fail or prevail as an authoritarian regime. Only time will tell what is truly in store for the world governing systems. Works Cited O'Neil, Patrick H., and Ronald Rogowski. "Chapterb6." Essential Readings in Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. 205-41. Print. O'Neil, Patrick H. "Chapter 6, Chapter 8." Essentials of Comparative Politics. Third ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &, 2007. 141-162+. Print.