Dharmodas Ghose Case Essay

Dharmodas Ghose, a minor, entered into a contract for borrowing a sum of Rs. 20,000 out of which the lender paid the minor a sum of Rs. 8,000. The minor executed mortgage of property in favour of the lender. Subsequently, the minor sued for setting aside the mortgage. The Privy Council had to ascertain the validity of the mortgage. Under Section 7 of the Transfer of Property Act, every person competent to contract is competent to mortgage. The Privy Council decided that Sections 10 and 11 of the Indian Contract Act make the minor’s contract void. The mortgagee prayed for refund of Rs. 8,000 by the minor. The Privy Council further held that as a minor’s contract is void, any money advanced to a minor cannot be recovered. JUSTICE SIR FORD NORTH On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dharmodas Ghose, executed a mortgage in favour of Brahmo Dutt, a money-lender carrying on business at Calcutta and elsewhere, to secure the repayment of Rs. 20,000 at 12 per cent interest on some houses belonging to the respondent. The amount actually advanced is in dispute. At that time the respondent was an infant; and he did not attain twenty-one until the month of September following. Throughout the transaction Brahmo Dutt was absent from Calcutta, and the whole business was carried through for him by his attorney, Kedar Nath Mitter, the money being found by Dedraj, the local manager of Brahmo Dutt. While considering the proposed advance, Kedar Nath received information that the respondent was  still a minor; and on July15, 1895, the following letter was written and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney: â€Å"Dear Sir, I am instructed by S.M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and guardian appointed by the High Court of the person and property of Babu Dharmodas Ghose, that a mortgage of the properties of the said Babu Dharmodas Ghose is being prepared from your office. I am instructed to give you notice, which I hereby do, that the said Babu Dharmodas Ghose is still an infant under the age of twenty-one, and any one lending money to him will do so at his own risk and peril.† Kedar Nath positively denied the receipt of any such letter; but the Court of first instance and the Appellate Court both held that he did personally receive it on July 15; and the evidence is conclusive upon the point. On the day on which the mortgage was executed, Kedar Nath got the infant to sign a long declaration, which he had prepared for him, containing a statement that he came of age on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, relying on his assurance that he had attained his majority, had agreed to advance to him Rs. 20,000. There is conflicting evidence as to the time when and circumstances under which that declaration was obtained; but it is unnecessary to go into this, as both Courts below have held that Kedar Nath did not act upon, and was not misled by, that statement, and was fully aware at the time the mortgage was executed of the minority of the respondent On September 10, 1895, the infant, by his mother and guardian as next friend, commenced this action againt Brahmo Dutt, stating that he was under age when he executed the mortgage, and praying for a declaration that it was void and inoperative, and should be delivered up to be cancelled. The defendant, Brahmo Dutt, put in a defence that the plaintiff was of full age when he executed the mortgage; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notice that the plaintiff was then an infant, that, even if he was a minor, the declaration as to his age was fraudulently made to deceive the defendant, and disentitled the plaintiff to any relief; and that in any case the Court should not grant the plaintiff any relief without making him repay the moneys advanced. Jenkins J., who presided in the Court of first instance, found the facts as above stated, and granted the relief asked. And the Appellate Court dismissed the appeal from him. Subsequently to the institution of the present appeal Brahmo Dutt died, and this appeal has been prosecuted by his executors. The first of the appellants’ reasons in support of the present appeal is that the Courts below were wrong in holding that the knowledge of Kedar Nath must be imputed to the defendant. In their Lordships’ opinion they were obviously right. The defendant was absent from Calcutta, and personally did not take any part in the transaction. It was entirely in charge of Kedar Nath, whose full authority to act as he did is not disputed. He stood in the place of the defendant for the purposes of this mortgage; and his acts and knowledge were the acts and knowledge of his principal. It was contended that Dedraj, the defendant’s gomastha, was the real representative in Calcutta of the defendant, and that he had no knowledge of the plaintiff’s minority. But there is nothing in this. He no doubt made the advance out of the defendant’s funds. But he says in his evidence that â€Å"Kedar Babu was acting on behalf of my master from the beginning in this matter;† and a little further on he adds that before the registration of the mortgage he did not communicate with his master on the subject of the minority. But he did know that there was a question raised as to the plaintiff’s age; and he says, â€Å"I left all matters regarding the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu.† The appellants’ counsel contended that the plaintiff is estopped by Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I. of 1872) from setting up that he was an infant when he executed the mortgage. The section is as follows: â€Å"Estoppels. When one person has by his declaration act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true, and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative to deny the truth of that thing.† The Courts below seem to have decided that this section does not apply to infants; but their Lordships do not think it necessary to deal with that question now. They consider it clear that the section does not apply to a  case like the present, where the statement relied upon is made to a person who knows the real facts and is not misled by the untrue statement. There can be no estoppel where the truth of the matter is known to both parties, and their Lordships hold, in accordance with English authorities, that a false representation, made to a person who knows it to be false, is not such a fraud as to take away the privilege of infancy: Nelson v Stocker [1 De G. & J. 458]. The same principle is recognised in the explanation to Section 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that a fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom such fraud was practiced, or to whom such misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. The point most pressed, however, on behalf of the appellants was that the Courts ought not to have decreed in the respondent’s favour without ordering him to repay to the appellants the sum of Rs. 10,500, said to have been paid to him as part of the consideration for the mortgage. And in support of this contention Section. 64 of the Contract Act (IX of 1872) was relied on: Both Courts below held that they were bound by authority to treat the contracts of infants as voidable only, and not void; but that this section only refers to contracts made by persons competent to contract, and therefore not to infants. The general current of decision in India certainly is that ever since the passing of the Indian Contract Act the contracts of infants are voidable only. This conclusion, however, has not been arrived at without vigourous protests by various judges from time to time; nor indeed without decisions to the contrary effect. Under these circumstances, their Lordships consider themselves at liberty to act on their own view of the law as declared by the Contract Act, and they have thought it right to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They do not consider it necessary to examine in detail the numerous decisions above referred to, as in their opinion the whole question turns upon what is the true construction of the Contract Act itself. It is necessary, therefore, to consider carefully the terms of that  Act; but before doing so it may be convenient to refer to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s.7 of which provides that every person competent to contract and entitled to transferable property †¦ is competent to transfer such property †¦ in the circumstances, to the extent, and in the manner allowed and prescribed by any law for the time being in force. That is the Act under which the present mortgage was made, and it is merely dealing with persons competent to contract; and s. 4 of that Act provides that the chapters and sections of that Act which relate to contracts are to be taken as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The present case, therefore, falls within the provisions of the latter Act. Then, to turn to the Contract Act, s. 2 provides (e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement. (g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. An agreement enforceable by law is a contract, (i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties- thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract Sect. 10 provides: â€Å"All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not thereby expressly declared to be void.† Then Sec. 11 is most important, as defining who are meant by â€Å"persons competent to contract;† it is as follows: â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. Looking at these sections, their Lordships are satisfied that the Act makes it essential that all contracting parties should be â€Å"competent to contract,† and expressly provides that a person who by reason of infancy is incompetent to contract cannot make a contract within the meaning of the Act. This is clearly borne out by later sections in the Act. Sec. 68 provides that, â€Å"If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from  the property of such incapable person.† It is beyond question that an infant falls within the class of persons here referred to as incapable of entering into a contract; and it is clear from the Act that he is not to be liable even for necessaries, and that no demand in respect thereof is enforceable against him by law, though a statutory claim is created against his property. Under Section. 183 and 184 no person under the age of majority can enjoy or be an agent. Again, under Section. 247 and 248, although a person under majority may be admitted to the benefits of a partnership, he cannot be made personally liable for any of its obligations; although he may on attaining majority accept those obligations if he thinks fit to do so. The question whether a contract is void or voidable presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their Lordships are, therefore, of opinion that in the present case there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in Sec tion 64. A new point was raised here by the appellants’ counsel, founded on s. 65 of the Contract Act, a section not referred to in the Courts below, or in the cases of the appellants or respondent. It is sufficient to say that this section, like Section. 64, starts from the basis of there being an agreement or contract between competent parties, and has no application to a case in which there never was, and never could have been, any contract. It was further argued that the preamble of the Act showed that the Act was only intended to define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts, and that contracts by infants were left outside the Act. If this were so, it does not appear how it would help the appellants. But in their Lordships’ opinion the Act, so far as it goes, is exhaustive and imperative, and does provide in clear language that an infant is not a person competent to bind himself by a contract of this description . Another enactment relied upon as a reason why the mortgage money should be returned is Section 41 of the Specific Relief Act (I of 1877), which is as follows: â€Å"Sec. 41. On adjudging the cancellation of an instrument the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require.† Sec.38. provides in  similar terms for a case of rescission of a contract. These sections, no doubt, do give a discretion to the Court; but the Court of first instance, and subsequently the Appellate Court, in the exercise of such discretion, came to the conclusion that under the circumstances of this case justice did not require them to order the return by the respondent of money advanced to him with full knowledge of his infancy, and their Lordships see no reason for interfering with the discretion so exercised.

Virgin Mobile Marketing Metrics

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Consert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Chinese Women under the Communist Regime(1949-Now) Research Paper

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Educational Policies and Practices Essay Example for Free

Educational Policies and Practices Essay â€Å"Change is a process, not an event. It can be planned or unplanned and can be influenced by forces inside and outside of the schoolhouse. † (http://wps. prenhall. com/chet_green_practicing_2/23/6137/1571248. cw/index. html). Current education reform has stressed the urgency of teacher learning in improving classroom education and expanding student success. Current education reform in the United States has increasingly described standard levels of mastery for learners and focused on holding schools responsible for student outcomes. As one approach for increasing student attainment, officials have zoned in on improving the quality of public school educators (Parise Spillane, 2010). Certain policy plans concentrate on the dimension involved in refining the quality of educators coming into the area of teaching through state accreditation exams, more rigorous degree requirements, and recruitment efforts. In addition to the aforementioned, increased responsibility and stress on schools involve learning and modification for many of the educators already working within this capacity, as they are pushed to apply new instructional methods and advances in order to promote and foster student achievement (Parise Spillane, 2010). Assessing the Condition: Loris High School Trevor Strawderman, principal of Loris High School, Horry County, South Carolina, reorganized educational structure to benefit the school. In 2005, Loris High School ranked in the bottom percentile among high schools, scholastically, in the state of South Carolina. Principal Strawderman knew that issues in the area of literacy plagued the school’s academic performance. Assessment statistics revealed that 74 percent of the 9th and 10th graders of the school were reading below grade level. As a result of this issue, dropout and class failings soared to extremely high figures (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Strawderman, the newly appointed principal at the time, and other leaders of the school were aware of this issue, but did not realize the severity until results were revealed from student assessments. It was determined that the majority of the 9th and 10th graders at the time were reading way below grade level. After examining the textbooks utilized in the school, it was discovered that the 9th and 10th grade level books were written for 10th/ 11th grade reading comprehension. Upon the discovery of the low reading skills, Strawderman met with faculty to inform them that changes were necessary to improve reading skills of the students. Data collected about the student reading assessments was Mr. Strawderman’s proof as he provided information for this needed change (http://www. assp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Implementing Necessary Change The school’s leadership team began to read and study about ways to improve on reading. Through the study it was discovered that providing more reading would be the best solution. The leadership team identified a process that could be utilized to achieve the vision. Through the vision of Strawderman and the leadership team, a ho meroom reading initiative was put in place immediately. Two days for 50 minutes a week have been designated for this activity. Students were grouped by grade level and lexile level. Strawderman and his team stressed the importance of steering away negative connotations with this activity, and felt that grouping by lexile level was pertinent (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Challenges and Rewards As with change, Mr. Strawderman faced defiance by some faculty members. Comments like, â€Å"Some students are going to think this is stupid and childish,† were used to discourage this new activity. As the process began, aproximately $70,000 was spent on high interest inventory reading. Strawderman and his committee did all of the work, not putting the strain on the teachers with implementing this program. This process was made easy as possible for the teachers. After the program began, it was discovered that the students loved the program. The majority of the at-risk students enjoyed it the most. What was also discovered, is that every student may act is if they do not like to read, but they all want to know how to read (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Within this program celebrations were rendered and awards are given as incentives. This program provided an additional 33 hours of reading in the school for the year and has provided a positive outlook for the school’s reading deficit. Since Strawderman became principal, the school has made noteworthy and substantial cultural and meaningful changes that have led to effective progress for each student. Strawderman understood that the necessary changes implemented could not done by him solely. Along with making improvements for students, Strawderman also realized the importance in providing leadership and support for his staff members. â€Å"He envisioned a school of professional learning communities in which teachers worked together ‘to choose every day to make a difference in the lives of our students’ (http://www. assp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). First Order or Second Order Change? First and second order change are natural occurrences involved within settings of change. It has been reported that uninterrupted, first order change happens without interference to the system in place. Within this particular order of change the leader is involved in pushing for improvement within the productivity an d value of a school or program without making major alterations to what has been established among teachers and students. In addition, this conflict often faces less confusion and divergence (Green, 2013). Second order change, on the other hand, faces uneasy transitions because of change and interruption to the system in place. In this particular order of change the existing order is taken in another direction for the good of the school or program. Furthermore there are new objectives, as well as changes in structure and programs in which individuals are asked to function differently within their role (Green, 2013). Becoming principal of Loris High School, opened doors of opportunity for Trevor Strawderman to make necessary changes for the betterment of the school. Strawderman initially took some matters in his hand to push for this change by presenting data figures to faculty as proof of the situation in need. As a result of this new change every teacher was given a task to apply â€Å"student lexile levels from the Measures of Academic Progress -Reading (MAP-R) computerized assessments to gauge students’ mastery of basic reading skills† (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Because implementing these changes required disruption to the already established program curriculum, Strawderman and his team faced some defiance. This situation is reflective of the second-order change. The Good and the Bad Although the reading program at Loris High School has brought forth much success, negativity surfaced at the beginning stages of implementing this program. Mildly disgruntled teachers gave notion of their dislike of changing their already established curriculum without consulting them fully. Before allowing the situation to escalate with these faculty members, Mr.  Strawderman could have met with the teachers to answer questions and to address concerns about the immediate change once he brought it forward. (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Working collaboratively with faculty could have also presented a variety of innovative ideas. Michael Fullan’s reports on research indicates that institutionalization of modification and change is extremely challenging. Moreover, additional reports reveal that school improvements that are substantial and long-term rarely can be set, authorized or guided by organizations or individuals (Fullan, 1993). When change occurs in a school setting the following attitudes may arise: â€Å"teachers may feel a sense of in adequacy or lack of preparation, or they may fear the unknown or perceive a loss of power or control† (Green, 2013). Conclusion Through this assignment an abundance of useful information was grasped regarding leadership and instructional change. Due to the changes in time, it is pertinent for all leaders to foster the ideas of bringing forth instructional change in a school setting. The way children are educated must change because children, the world, and economics are changing daily. At times change is considered taboo and frightening. However, when handled effectively and efficiently, it may be the cure to an ailing situation. There is much confidence among the reorganizers of school and researchers in the field of education that enhancing the learning opportunities of practicing teachers will boost and develop teacher performance and progress to developmentally improved student outcomes (Parise Spillane, 2010).

Theories of nursing

Theories of nursing HLTEN508B – Apply reflective practice, critical thinking and analysis in health. Pre-unit reading and preparation Nursing theorists and theories Henderson The Nature of Nursing Model Introduced The Nature of Nursing Model. She identified fourteen basic needs. She proposed that role of the nurse is to assist the patients during when they are sick or well, in recovery and rehabilitation. She believed that nursing involves assisting the client in gaining independence as quickly as possible or assisting them to achieve peaceful death if recovery is no longer possible (Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, 2014). Roper A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living This model incorporates a life span approach, where the characteristics of the person are considered with respect to prior development, current level of development, and likely future development. In combination with the life span approach an independence/dependence category used. The model then incorporates a set of twelve activities of living (ADLs), which represent activities engaged in by individuals whether sick or well. Orem Self-Care Deficit Theory Defined nursing as â€Å"The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.† (Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, 2014). Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being. Has a strong health promotion and focus. Identified 3 related concepts: Self-care, Health and Nursing System Peplau Theory of Interpersonal Relations Defined nursing as â€Å"An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an Individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help (Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, 2014). Nursing is a â€Å"maturing force and an educative instrument† Identified 4 phases of the Nurse Patient relationship Watson The Philosophy and Science of Caring Nursing is concerned with promotion health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health. She defined caring as a nurturing way or responding the needs of a client. Caring accepts the person as what he/she may become in a caring environment (Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, 2014). Abdellah Twenty One Nursing Problems Established 21 problem areas to guide care and promote the use of nursing judgement. Introduced Patient – Centered Approaches to nursing model She defined nursing as service to individual and families; therefore the society. Furthermore, she theorized nursing as â€Å"an art and a science that moulds the attitudes, intellectual competencies and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, and cope with their health needs† (Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, 2014). Explain the difference between a theory and a model? A theory is a group of related concepts that propose action that guide practice. Theories are composed of concepts, definitions, models, propositions and are based on assumptions. Whereas models, are representations that allow the concepts in nursing theory to be successfully applied to nursing practice. They may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice, for example, through the specific methods of assessment. What are the common themes in nursing theorist’s views on caring? Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are: The person (patient) The environment Health Nursing (goals, roles, functions) What are the age and gender issues facing nurses today? Nursing in a male-dominated world Nursing is dominated by females and if often regarded as an oppressed profession. This gendered hierarchy of women in lower roles emphasizes male domination and marginalization of women in society (Cordon, 2014). The unequal power balance between physicians and nurses has resulted in nurses lacking the confidence to question doctors decisions and not speaking up in the workplace. Reason for this includes fearing conflict and stress (Cordon, 2014). Gender discrimination Nursing, in the past, has been seen as womens work because it is a caregiver role. Due to this, men who enter nursing may face with barriers and discrimination. For example, men who enter the nursing profession may be perceived as more feminine†. Male nurses may face the perception that they are gay (Cordon, 2014). Male nursing students or graduate nurses may also have less male role models in the profession as it is largely dominated by females. While both men and women in the nursing profession can be excellent clinical mentors, the male nurse may have some issues that he cannot comfortably discuss with female colleagues (Cordon, 2014). In the field of health define the following terms: a) Best practice Refers to nursing practices that are based on the â€Å"best evidence† available from nursing research. The goal of â€Å"best practices† is to apply the most recent, relevant, and helpful nursing interventions, based on research, in real-life practice. b) Philosophy The philosophy of healthcare is the study of ethics, processes and people which establish the maintenance of the health for human beings. c) Vision An aspirational description of what an organization would like to achieve or accomplish in future. d) Mission statement – A formal summary of the aims and values of an organization, or individual. How do the following Professional Standards of Practice apply to you as an Enrolled Nurse? a) ANMC code of conduct These are the principles guiding behaviour between colleagues, between staff and those receiving care. The Department of Health places high importance on maintaining patient confidentiality and protecting privacy and as enrolled nurses we must follow these standards to ensure that all sensitive documents including patients case notes are stored in a safe and secure area and discussions of personal information about clients/patients do not occur. b) ANMC code of ethics It is essential and important, as enrolled nurses, to ensure that the relationship between a patient/client and a health professional is safe, helpful and therapeutic and is always within professional boundaries as determined by the Code of Ethics. Standards include identifying the fundamental moral commitments of the profession, reflection on ethical conduct for professional and self-development and ethical practice. c) ANMC national Enrolled/Division 2 nurse competency standards The national competency standards for the enrolled nurse are the core competency standards by which your performance may be assessed to retain your license to practice as an enrolled nurse in Australia. As an enrolled nurse, these core competency standards provide you with the framework for assessing your competence. d) State/Territory Nurse Regulatory Nurses Act The state and territory nursing and midwifery authorities (NMRAs) to produce national standards – an integral component of the regulatory framework to help enrolled nurses and midwives deliver safe and competent care. It also keeps the public safe by ensuring the services they will receive are from competent nurses. e) State/Territory Nursing and Midwifery Regulatory Authority Standards of Practice The state and territory nursing and midwifery authorities (NMRAs) to produce national standards – an integral component of the regulatory framework to help enrolled nurses and midwives deliver safe and competent care. f) Scope of Practice decision making framework The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) has endorsed national decision-making frameworks for both nurses and midwives. As enrolled nurses, these two flowcharts will assist us in our professional decision making through a structured and transparent process. It also provides us with and an evidence-based process (approved by the regulatory authority) in our decision-making that we may use in support/defence of our decisions should we be required to provide it. REFERENCE i. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Virginia Henderson Bibliography: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, (2014). Virginia Henderson. [online] Available at: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/virginia-henderson.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2014]. ii. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Dorothea E. Orem Bibliography: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, (2014). Dorothea E. Orem. [online] Available at: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/dorothea-e-orem.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2014]. iii. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Hildegard E. Peplau Bibliography: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, (2014). Hildegard E. Peplau. [online] Available at: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/hildegard-e-peplau.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2014]. iv. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Jean Watson Bibliography: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, (2014). Jean Watson. [online] Available at: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/jean-watson.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2014]. v. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Faye G. Abdellah Bibliography: Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, (2014). Faye G. Abdellah. [online] Available at: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/faye-g-abdellah.html [Accessed 15 Jul. 2014]. vi. Cordon, C. Structural Inequality and Diversity in Nursing | Minority Nurse Bibliography: Cordon, C. (2014). Structural Inequality and Diversity in Nursing | Minority Nurse. [online] Minoritynurse.com. Available at: http://www.minoritynurse.com/article/structural-inequality-and-diversity-nursing [Accessed 15 Jul. 2014]. Tabbner’s Nursing Care: Theory and Practice Tabbner’s Nursing Care 5th Edition: Rita Funnell, Gabrielle Koutoukidis, Karen Lawrence (2009)

Importance Of Semiotics In A Film Film Studies Essay

Importance Of Semiotics In A Film Film Studies Essay Semiotics in film is always an important and perplexing element in any picture. It is the    signification and communication of signs and symbols to develop a plot and define certain events that happen within the plot.    Popular Films such as The Sixth Sense and The Matrix have unbelievable amount of reference to aspects previously mentioned. The film The Sixth Sense uses great color and different shots to represent and imply meaning and patterns in the story. Where as The Matrix    is referenced more toward the Bible in this analysis and uses much religious references and color to develop its story and meaning.   In the supernatural thriller The Sixth Sense made by M. Night Shyamalan, extreme symbolism is used to mystify and personify the feeling of fright to the viewer.    Each symbol in the picture is an important contribution to the film. In this film, and eight year old boy named Cole is haunted by a gift of seeing ghosts.    Cole is terrified by visitations from these ghosts that want him to help them resolve things left undone in their previous lives.    Cole, with no one left to turn to, goes to a psychologist named Dr. Malcolm Crowe that helps him though out the movie deal with his haunting gift. One important symbol in this film is shadows and reflections.    Shadows since the beginning of time have been known to symbolize spirits.    At various points in the film, the camera reverts to shots of shadows that signify the presence of spirits around Cole. Doors and windows are also extremely important in this film.    Dr. Malcolm comes across many locked doors throughout the film.    Doors are said to signify entrance into other dimensions and realities.    Dr.    Malcolms encounters with locked doors are a way of clueing the audience in on his severed connection with the real world.    At one point in the film Dr. Malcolm is looking through a glass window at his wife with another man.    The glass is used to help signify the strain in Malcolm and his wifes relationship. The church, religious figurines and plastic toy soldiers are all also significant symbols in the film.    Cole searches for a place of peace to hide from the ghosts, and Malcolm directs him to the church.    Religious figurines such as figures of Jesus and various saints are focused on which all remind the viewer of death. The cold temperature also signifies the coming of sprits.    In each scene the temperature drops, and the characters breath is able to be seen when a ghost is going to approach Cole.    Possibly the most reoccurring and important symbol through this film is use of the color red.    I have heard various interpretations of red as a symbol in this film.    In probably the most semiotic filled scene, Cole is traveling up a spiral staircase following a red balloon.    In the shot, you can see Coles shadow on the wall of the staircase which we already have established as a symbol of relevant spirits.    The spiral staircase is said to symbolize the journey into the afterlife, while the red balloon is supposed to symbolize a spirit as well.    Another source of red in the film is the box that a dead girl gives to Cole to deliver to her family that has a video tape in it bound in a red ribbon.    We later find out that the video is a tape of her step mother poisoning her and when he delivers it to the family the murderer is dressed in what else but a bright red suit.    Coles safe place, the tent he built, is also red and also surrounded by figurines.    When Cole confides in his mother to tell his secret to, she is also dressed in a red sweater which suggests that she is now Coles safe haven.    Also, the church that I have previously spoken about has red doors, and the door knob of the basement that Malcolm is locked out of is red.   Ã‚   A totally different but interesting take on the use of the color red in the film is that in the Catholic religion red is worn on Pentecost.    Pentecost is said to be the birth of the church, and a time when Jesus could communicate and pass on his faith with the disciples.    Every time there seems to be an important conversation in the movie someone is either wearing red or surrounded by red which could signify important communication as Pentecost does to Catholics.    Another movie that holds great semiotic symbolism as The Sixth Sense is The Matrix.   There are several signs and symbols that occur during the movie that have references to Christianity. An important scene is where Neo is given a choice between two pills: one blue, which would enable him to wake up safe in his bed but never learn the truth about the Matrix; the other red, which would allow him to see how deep the rabbit-hole goes. Here the color red could be used to symbolize action. The pill is used to rescue him from the Matrix representing him being saved from the world. Another example is the name Trinity who is one of the main characters. This can be considered as a symbol for the Holy Trinity. The name of Morpheus ship is the Nebuchadnezzar. This is a reference to King Nebuchadnezzar mentioned in the book of Daniel in the Bible. In The Matrix, Zion is the underground home of the free humans. Zion is used as a generalized metaphor for a mythical city which could be considered to be the last hope for humanity. It receives mention in the Bible in the book of Revel ations. Zion is often used metaphorically, to symbolize Jerusalem and the Promised Land to come, in which God dwells among his chosen people. Neo is The One. The Oracle has prophesied that The One would hail the destruction of the Matrix, end the war and bring freedom to the people. In short, he is the saviour of the human race. This can be compared to the story of Christ. He was the Saviour who had been prophesied about and would bring about the freedom of mankind. Neo is an icon as he represents the saviour.Christ was betrayed by one of his own disciples, Judas Iscariot. In the film, the role of the betrayer is represented by Cypher. Towards the end of the movie, Neo is killed and comes back to life. This represents the Death and the Resurrection of Christ.    Aside from the religious views of the film there is reference to a childrens story. There are several references to Alice in wonderland by Lewis Carroll. When Morpheus first contacts Neo, he tells him to follow the White Rabbit. According to Lewis Carrolls book, Alice stumbles into Wonderland because she follows a White Rabbit. When Neo and Morpheus finally meet, Morpheus says I imagine that right now, youre feeling a bit like Alice. Hmm? Tumbling down the rabbit hole? He then gives him a choice between two pills one blue, which would enable him to wake up safe in his bed but never learn the truth about the Matrix; the other red, which would allow him to see how deep the rabbit-hole goes. Here again is a reference to Alice in Wonderland. Alice falls down the rabbit-hole into wonderland. It is important to note that Alices entire adventure is just a dream. This could have significance in the fact that Neo is right now trapped in a dream from which he has to awaken. The Matrix is not limited to just one philosophical issue alone. There are numerous issues and concep ts that can be drawn from the Matrix, including the purpose of life, the existence of a self and personal identity, and the question of the meaning of life    Film makers like M. Night Shyamalan and Andy and Larry Wachowski have made it thrilling to go back to the movies again when it comes to looking for symbolism and meaning in movies. As one watches movies over and over again, some may find that they missed things in the movie they hadnt noticed before. It is sometimes exciting and fulfilling to find and notice things you never knew were symbols later on.    Signifiers and symbols can make a film so much more interesting to watch and figure out, and thats precisely the function they hold in these movies.    Without the sensational symbolism, either film would not hold half the brilliance and genius that they have.    Semiotics is so obviously significant to the making of films.   The major fault in semiotic analysis is its complete dependence on societies pre-existing shared knowledge. The media relies on the fact that its viewers already know current background information on their topic of choice. Without this pre defined knowledge, signs and their signifiers mean nothing and are obsolete. However that doesnt mean one cannot pick up on these signs, it would just be a bit more difficult than it would for a person who has previous knowledge of how and what the creator is using. Semiotics can be used for any type of medium to produce a meaning.    It is not limited to just films for which this essay has used but, for radio, television, written text, and illustrated pictures along with text, such as comics. All have semiotics and all have its advantages to display meaning and use symbols best fit for the form.

Comparsen Between The Book And Movie Cujo Essay -- essays research pap

Watching the movie is so much more interesting, and it grabs your imagination by the hand. There are not that many things that are different in the movie. In fact the movie describes what?s going on a little better than the book. Basically the book seems like an out line of the whole story and the book gets into details a little more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the book it talks about Tad going to bed and how he?s a little nervous because he thinks there is a monster under his bed. His father tucks him into bed and says good night. About 10 minutes later Tad wakes up screaming his head off saying he sees a monster in his closet. The author doesn?t even describe what the ?monster? looks like. In the movie it shows wha...

Outsourcing in Intercollegiate Athletics Essay -- Sports, Athletes, FB

Division I intercollegiate athletic departments, especially those that are home to Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) teams, increasingly resemble front offices of professional sport organizations in regard to their mission and business operations. With huge operating budgets, state-of-the-art facilities, world-class athletes, and multinational corporate sponsors, these sport businesses strive to produce winning teams and profitable events every season. The outsourcing of marketing operations and rights is common practice in American college athletics today. According to Li and Burden (2002), more than one half of all NCAA Division I-A athletic programs have outsourced some or all of their marketing operations and rights to a growing number of nationally prominent outsourcing agencies. Among the operations commonly outsourced are the production of radio game broadcasts, production of radio call-in shows, coaches' television shows, sales of media and venue advertising, sales of "official sponsorship" rights to corporations, and production and management of Internet websites, etc. (Li & Burden, 2002). Outsourcing simply means acquiring services from an external organization instead of using internal resources (Butler, 2000). By using outsourced resources, organizations can gain a competitive advantage by utilizing contingent staff to accomplish strategic goals without incurring the fixed overhead. By focusing on the leading edge and highly specialized skill sets, outsourcing providers can often offer higher quality services, or at a lower price than the client organization. Typical reasons for outsourcing go beyond simple contingent staffing. Outsourcing providers are able to maintain economies of scale with regard to specialization (... ... bring the anticipated benefits, and in some instances can be a risky proposition (Chin, 2003). Villcocks and Lacity (1998) stated that among the possible disadvantages are the potential loss of control over critical functions such as timeliness and quality of service, difficulty in monitoring vendor performance, difficulty in explaining the business needs to vendors, the potential for loss of company secrets as well as intellectual property, and the high cost of outsourcing contracts. Schools also risk developing a dependency on outside agencies, lowering employee morale, loss of development skills for employees, and having to face the prospect of managing relationships that go wrong (Kakabadse & Kakabadse, 2000; Hayes, 2001). By outsourcing, not only do schools lose some of the personal touch in servicing their employees but their clients as well (Rombel, 2002).

Bioterrorism and Science: The Censorship of Scientific Journals Will Do More Harm than Good :: Essays Papers

Bioterrorism and Science: The Censorship of Scientific Journals Will Do More Harm than Good Science is based on the open communication of research and information. Scientists often build on the work and results that their colleagues have published in scientific journals. This process of incremental development prevents scientists from â€Å"reinventing the wheel† before continuing forward with original research. It stands, therefore, that the publication and distribution of research is necessary for future research to be productive. However, the dissemination of research has an adverse side effect in the current world. Scientific journals not only inform scientists about recent developments in their field of research, they also inform terrorists. It is possible for terrorists to use the same information found in scientific journals, intended for the benefit of the scientific community, to harm other people. The September 11th attacks force journal editors and reviewers to consider whether censorship is necessary to prevent further, more severe, terrorist attac ks. I believe, however, that broad censorship of scientific journals will hurt our own efforts at biodefense and health care more than it will hinder terrorists looking to make biological agents. In order to understand the current anxiety over bioterrorism we must look at the history of terrorism, both biological and conventional. Bioterrorism was a worry of American scientists and policy makers long before the attacks on September 11th. It has been estimated that, during the Cold War, the Soviet Union employed as many as 60,000 people in a biowarfare research program ([Anonymous] 2000). Ex-Soviet biowarfare researchers have reported the development of a strain of plague resistant to 16 different antibiotics by the Biopreparat, a clandestine network of research facilities located in Russia and Kazakhstan (Dennis 2001). It is certain that the US government was aware of the Soviet interest in biowarfare and thus also had biowarfare and defense programs. It wasn’t until Iraq used chemical weapons against the Kurds that we thought a modern state would actually employ chemical or biological weapons. Then, in 1995, the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas on a subway, killing 12 ([Anonymous] 2001), and demonstrated that there was need for real concern about chemical and biological terrorism. In addition to the September 11th attacks, the American public was also subjected to anthrax attacks during the final months of 2001. As the first biological attacks on US soil in more than a decade, these emphasized that bioterrorism is still around and that the United States is still unprepared for a large-scale biological attack ([Anonymous] 2000).

Error Analysis Lab

Error Analysis Lab By: Lab Team 5 Introduction and Background: In the process of learning about the importance of measurement and data processing, lab teams were given prompts to design experiments as well as address the precision, accuracy, and error analysis within the experiment. Lab teams collaborated their data to find similarities and differences within their measurements. Through this process, students learned the importance of the amount of uncertainty as well as the different types of experimental errors that might have caused a margin of difference within the lab teams results.Measurement and data processing is a topic discussed in IB Chemistry SL; it is important within the scientific community as it discusses the reliability of the data presented. Uncertainty is used to determine a range of a value in a measurement or instrument. Uncertainty of an analogue instrument is plus or minus half of the smallest division present; while uncertainty of a digital scale is plus or mi nus the smallest division present. To identify the amount of uncertainty, significant figures (the digits in measurement up to and including the first uncertain digit) are used.Certain rules are used to discover the number of significant figures in a value: * 1-9 are always significant * included zeroes (1009= 4 significant figures) * leading zeroes never count (0. 023= 2 significant figures) * trailing zeroes after the decimal count (1. 9850= 5 significant figures) Experimental errors are the difference between recorded value and generally accepted or literature value. There are two types of experimental errors: random and systematic errors. Random errors are caused by the readability of a measuring instrument, the effects of changes in the surroundings, insufficient data, and observer misinterpretation.Systematic errors are errors that can not be reduced by repeating experiments or careful experimental design. These errors are caused by poor experimental design as well as improper measurement techniques. Accuracy is the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value. The greater the accuracy, the smaller the systematic error. Precision is the reproducibility of the experimental value. The greater precision, the less the random uncertainties. Purpose: Design laboratories based upon ideas of accuracy, precision and error analysis through creating a procedure and addressing the prompts.Materials: * 13. 5 cm x 10 cm sheet of aluminum foil * Ruler * Balance * Laptop * Micrometer * Silver Cube of Unknown Solid * H2O (via sink) * Timer * Thermometer (in degrees Celsius) * 500 sheets of paper * Caliper * 100 mL graduated cylinder * 10 mL graduated cylinder * 25 mL flask Procedures and Methodologies: Station One (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube): 1 Find the height of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 2 Find the length of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 3 Find the width of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. Find the mass of the silver cube of unknown solid using the balance. 5 Using the measured length, width and height of the cube of unknown solid, calculate the volume of the cube. 6 Divide the mass of the cube by the volume to find the density of the cube. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density. Station Two (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water): 1 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 10 mL of water. 2 Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder. 3 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure 0. 5 mL of water. Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder, combining with the previously measured 10 mL of water. Station Three (measure the thickness of single sheet of paper and volume of 500 sheets): 1 Measure the height of the stack of paper with the ruler in millimeters (mm). 2 Measure the length of the stack of paper with the ruler in mm. 3 Measure the width of the stack of pap er with the ruler in mm. 4 Calculate the volume of the stack of paper using the ruler’s dimensions in millimeters. 5 Calculate the thickness of one sheet of paper based on the ruler’s dimensions. Divide the height by number of sheets of paper [500 sheets]). 6 Repeat steps 1-5, instead using the caliper for measurements, but still measuring in millimeters. Station Four (calculate the volume of metal cylinder): 1 Using the caliper, measure the height of the cylinder in millimeters. 2 Using the caliper, measure the diameter of the cylinder’s circle in millimeters. 3 Using the volume of a cylinder formula (pi x radius squared x height), calculate the volume of the cylinder. Station Five (Calculate the thickness of aluminum foil): 1 Using a laptop, determine the accepted density for aluminum. Using the electronic balance, measure the mass of the sheet of aluminum foil. 3 Divide the mass by the accepted density to determine the volume. 4 Using the ruler, measure the d imensions (length x width) of the sheet of aluminium. 5 Divide the volume by the dimensions of the aluminum to determine the thickness. Station Six (Measure the temperature of the sink water for 120 seconds): 1 Turn hot water knob on. 2 Hold thermometer under running water. 3 Record temperature at 60 seconds. 4 Record temperature at 90 seconds. 5 Record temperature at 120 seconds. 6 Remove thermometer from water.Station Seven (Determine the circumference, density, and identity of wire): 1 Using the micrometer, find the diameter of the of the wire 2 Multiply the diameter by pi (3. 14) to find the circumference of the wire 3 Using the ruler, find the length of the wire 4 Using the balance, find the mass of the wire 5 Multiply the circumference and the height of the wire to determine the volume 6 Divide mass by volume, to determine the density of the wire. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density Data Collection: Station One- The results from measuring the vo lume, mass, and density of a unknown cube .Using the density, the lab teams were able to identify the unknown cube. Group| Data| 1| volume=530 +- . 15mm3, mass= 7. 1+-. 05g, density=0. 12+-. 011gmm-3, lead| 2| volume=653+-. 01mm3, mass=7. 1+-. 1g, density=0. 01gmm-3, lead| 3| volume=580+-100mm3, mass 7. 14+-0. 001g, density= 0. 012gmm-3, lead| 4| volume=748+-0. 005mm3, mass= 7. 13g, density=0. 0009gmm-3, lead| 5| volume=727+-1mm3, mass=7. 14+-. 01g, density= . 01gmm-3, lead| 6| volume=621+-0. 05mm3, mass= 7. 15+-0. 01g, density=0. 0115gmm-3, lead| Station Two- Using the different graduated cylinders, lab teams measured out 10. 5 mL of water. Group| Data| 1| 10. +-. 5mL| 2| 10. 5+-. 1mL| 3| 10. 5+-. 05mL| 4| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 5| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 6| 10. 5+-. 5mL| Station Three- Provided with a ruler and micrometer, teams found the thickness of a single sheet of paper and the volume of 500 sheets of paper. Group| Data| 1| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=2950cm3| 2| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=6. 0cm3 | 3| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=3100cm3| 4| thickness=0. 0096cm, volume= 2900cm3| 5| thickness= 0. 01cm, volume= 3100cm3| 6| thickness= 0. 0098cm, volume=2950cm3| Station Four- Given a metal caliper, students were asked to find the volume of a cylinder. Group| Data| 1| volume= 39+-2cm3| 2| volume= 38. +-2cm3| 3| volume= 63+-4. 9cm3| 4| volume=39+-2 cm3| 5| volume=41+- 1cm3| 6| volume= 38. 8+-. 1cm3| Station Five- Students calculated the thickness of a piece of aluminum foil using a balance and ruler. Group| Data| 1| 0. 0018+-0. 0002cm| 2| 0. 01646+-0. 0002cm| 3| 0. 0017+-0. 00002cm| 4| 0. 0022+-0. 00005cm| 5| 0. 00175+-0. 00005cm| 6| 0. 0018cm| Station Six- Lab teams measured the temperature of sink water over 120 seconds. Group| Data| 1| Start= 23+-. 5C, 60=22+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=22. 5C| 2| Start=21. 0+-. 5C, 60=21. 2+-. 5C, 90=21. 5+-. 5C, 120=21. 7+-. 5C| 3| 60=21+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=23+-. 5C| 4| 23+-. 5C| | 60=29C+-. 5, 90=29+-. 5C, 120=29+-. 5C| 6| Start= 21. 5C, 60= 22C , 90= 22. 25C, 120= 22. 5C| Station Seven- Using a micrometer, balance, and ruler, groups were asked to calculate the circumference, density and discover the identity of a wire. Group| Data| 1| circumference=6. 3+-+. 5mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 0033gmm-3| 2| circumference= 1. 19pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 011gmm-3| 3| circumference= 3. 14mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 4| circumference= 3. 93mm| 5| circumference= 3. 14 mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 6| circumference= 1. 23pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 307gcm-3|Error Analysis: Station 1 (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube) In this particular station, there are no identified outliers. While the mass and density were rather close in value, there was no close range in the measurement of the volume of the unknown cube. This can be seen in the graphs below. Some random errors that may have caused this lack of precision in finding the volume of the unknown cube are misreadings of the instruments, changes in the environment of the experiment, the number of significant figures used, and the experimenter approximating a reading. Station 2 (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water)In this station, there were two identifies outliers. This included Group 2 and Group 3. They were identified as outliers because of the amount of uncertainty. This two groups had a rather small amount of uncertainty unlike the other four groups with identical amounts of uncertainty. This can be seen in the graph below. The error that would have caused the amount of uncertainty is systematic because water will have clinged to the sides of the graduated cylinder as it was emptying. Another reason it was a systematic error was the fact that too much water could have been added to the graduated cylinder as it was filled.Station 3 There is only one large outlier within this station. In measuring the volume, Group 2 measured the volume to be 6. 0 cm3 while all other groups said the volume was around 3000cm3. This is such a huge gap that it would not be counted as a valuable measurement. Errors that could have occurred in this lab could have been random like the mismeasurement of the volume. The error could have also occurred by the misinterpretation of the question or prompt given. Station 4 The outlier in this station is group 3 with a Station 5 Station 6 Station 7Conclusion and Evaluation: In result of the preformed lab, our team learned the importance of determining error as well as preventing the majority of this error. The large range of results most likely was a result of systematic error. This can be concluded because there were no set directions for each station, and a different procedure could have been used by each lab team. Another source of error can be seen in the difference in sig figs used between groups. Random error most likely was a result of the unfamiliar tools that were used for the first time by many students.

Economic preliminary research task

Ca employ by a contraction in economical activity or aggregated accept. downturn in the product line cycle, derived demand for excavate) When there is a untrue in the scat cycle, demand fro goods and services falls, forcing firms to tame encounter and overthrow number of histrions to maintain salary level. Structural un exercising Caused by the mismatch betwixt the skill demanded and the skill possessed. (Increased by restructuring of the deliverance and the introduction of new technology) Workers unemployed from pre-restructure (old) companies, do not find the skills they possess not appropriate In the newer Industries.Causing the situation where the gild requires dig out, further still cannot employed that free radical of unemployed (Xx long-term unemployment unemployed for a period of 12 months or to a immenseer extent than. The all-night a soul is turn out of melt, the harder it constructs for them to take to the woods off a capriole. Long- term u nemployment can go about out originally as rotary unemployment. Egg. A downturn causes a psyche to lose his/her mull over. During the later recovery, the economy whitethorn not grow quickly teeming it eliminate for all cyclical unemployment.Resulting the person to find him/herself to be unemployed for more than than 12 months (changing into long-term unemployment), this long-period of time whitethorn cause the person to lose their Job-related skills, so employers pass on be more antipathetic to hire someone who has en out of work for a long time. seasonal worker unemployment Caused by the seasonal nature of some Jobs ( counter dislodges In the poke securities industry which lead regularly each stratum, In symbiotic of the business cycle) For example tourist related jobs and jobs associated with vacation seasons such as plump aged(a) man working as shop centre Santa Clauses at Christmas .This unemployment beginnings during the December-March period of the yr when sch ool-leavers atomic number 18 quest Jobs and enter the sedulousness force (year 12 graduates, or year 10) frictional unemployment Occurs as stack change jobs (from one Job to another). What is required to change Jobs Time, employment opportunity, attendance of Job Interviews administrative details. There bequeath always be a small level of frictional unemployment Into the grate market, although Improving the efficiency of Job placement services can subject the level of frictional unemployment.Regional unemployment reduces its demand (for reasons of abideing bighearted scale structural change and adjustment) for labor causing widespread unemployment. Hard-core unemployed because of personal characteristics, such as coat or physical disability anti- brotherly carriage drug abuse hugger-mugger unemployment Refers to those individuals who atomic number 18 not counted in the official unemployment figures because they receive precondition up actively seeking work or pee-pee gone(a) back to school. Rises during a prolonged economic downturn.S humble growth in aggregated demand means that the prospects of finding a Job atomic number 18 very low, and some individuals become discouraged from seeking work. They are not officially employed as they are no longer actively seeking work, but they are still considered to be a disunite of the unemployment problem since they would work if labor market conditions were better. A abstract in hidden unemployment will be fleeted in a fall in the labor force participation evaluate rather than as an append in the official unemployment judge. Underemployment (technically not unemployed) Referring to the individuals who obtain part time or casual Sons, but would a same(p)(p) to work more hours per workweek are said to be underemployed. They are a significant problem in the labor market, since they represent under-utilized labor imagerys. (As the worker are willing to work more hours, but the conditions of the l abor market save them from doing so) Estimates of Australias underemployment have parachuten dramatically in recent decades. A change magnitude shell out of Jobs have been creased on a temporary or casual land. Causes of Unemployment deficiency in aggregated demand (AD=C+I+G+X-M, major cause of cyclical unemployment) cyclical changes in the domestic and outside(a) economic activity whitethorn lead to changes in the demand for labor. Since the demand for labor is derived from the demand for final output, any discipline in aggregated demand may lead to a wage increase in cyclical unemployment. Structural changes in inhalation and production (causes the level of structural unemployment to rise. Ole of pursue expectations in pushing up the legal injury of labor to capital (causes a rise in the laundry unemployment or take induced unemployment) Rapid rises in palp suitable wage costs will reduce the demand for labor and provide employers with the inducement to substitute c apital for labor. A leave out of efficiency in the labor market in matching labor skills with the Jobs accessible can influence the level of frictional unemployment Rigidities in the labor market like disposal regulations (egg. Super, taxation) can also reduce the hiring intentions ( by means of naughtyer on costs of labor) of employers, causing unemployment.High on cost of labor and a miss of skills, precept and training If workers do not have access to teaching and training they will be little skilled and in lower demand by employers for the Jobs procurable How hidden unemployment and underemployment distort the official statistics The hidden employment are when people given up looking fro work or receive income erect from a spouse, first mate or parent and and not desirable for Job Search Underemployment are people working part-time who want to work more hours or switch to safe time employment, the ABS calculated the underemployment rate in 2012-13 as 7. % and the lab or utilization rate as 12. 9%, showing adjourn statistics room the unemployment rate. Which groups in Australia are more likely to get laid utmoster(prenominal)(prenominal) than medium grade of unemployment and why. The incidence of unemployment varies between demographic and skill groups in the labor force. Groups accounted fro disproportionably high shares of unemployment Young and less educated labor force participants recent immigrants persons whose Jon was in vipers bug mischief collar occupations Highest rates of unemployment teenagers (15-19) 23. % for males and 29. 6% for females Teenagers go difficulty in securing their first Jobs because of lack of experience, education, training and skills. Age employment (%) 15-19 52. 8 20-25 11. 8 25-44 4. 9 45-52 (long-term unemployment) (all 2012-13 data) There is great difficulty for older workers to find full-time or part-time work if they have been made redundant or retrenched overdue to industrial restructuring or reforms to industries such as car manufacturing.Other groups workers with low levels of education accomplishment experience higher rates of unemployment than those with higher educational qualifications unemployment races tend to be higher in industries affected by high rates of structural change like manufacturing , building and construction and trades (rates falling as demand rose ruing housing and resource booms in asses as more labor is demanded) Aborigines and Tortes Strait Islanders family status (sole parents, dependent students and non dependent children) The economic and social effects of unemployment sparing effect opportunity cost of upset output and income (primary economic cost of unemployment) lower real GAP and reduced guinea pig income (thus reduced living standards) economical and social hardship for the unemployed and their families and dependents (falling level of intake with their satisfaction of life) poverty traps because of welfare habituation increasing taxati on burden corrosion of tax due to unemployment and a rise in cyclical expenditure on social security payments (leading to a rise in budget deficit or fall in budget surplus) less equal distribution of income (unemployed will be reliant on income support from loss of human capital, as the unemployed will not be contributing their skills and experience to the workforce and will need to undergo re-training loss of self repute and gravitas rising crime rates increase drug and alcohol dependency health problems fro the unemployed higher suicide rates breakdown of family relationships ass of self esteem and human dignity Recent policies the presidency has used to help combat unemployment Promoting higher(prenominal) Sustainable Economic growth In order to educe cyclical unemployment, monetary and fiscal policies can be used to offset cyclical downturns in the economy, increasing levels of unemployment that accompany periods of slower economic activity. pecuniary Stimulus and the ea sing of the monetary indemnity potentially can stimulate the aggregated demand or deteriorateing and increase the output of services in the economy. high levels of output will require increase levels of employment, which in urn will lead overly lowering of the level of (output, used it-I 2008-09 during the UDF and recession, to support aggregated demand and employment. However for the put out few decades, monetary and fiscal policies are relatively ineffective in damage of reducing structural unemployment. grind market reforms knowing to make labor markets more conciliatory encourage more competitive work practices higher levels of labor productivity loose employers greater incentive to hire spare workers, leading to higher levels of employment. It is a causa towards decentralized wage determination, where rims and employees are able to negotiate wage increases on the basis of improved levels of productivity. Awards Modernization that makes awards simpler instruments that do not impede workplace efficiency and employment growth is another key fixings of the brasss labor market reform Labor market legislations such as the employment Relations Act 1996 incorporated measures knowing to curb union powers and weaken cheating(prenominal) dismissal laws, directly intervening with the labor market.Funding for Vocational and school education (including theme education framework for schools to raise literacy and innumeracy standards) Australian National Training Authority realised (to improve skill development of workers through ongoing education, training and development) Labor market assistance to Job seekers Job service Australia (contracted national network of private, community and government organizations to assist the unemployed find Jobs) Australian Job search (online Job noticeable, government run) time frame polices 2008-09 Rued government set up Education Investment Fund with initial allocation of bob to be spend on higher education, vocation al education and training facilities.

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay

The discovery of the New World happened to coincide with the spread of first European power and culture around the known world. how This spread was the result of various developments that she had occurred, particularly the following: â€Å"the explosive growth of trade, towns, wired and modern corporations; the religious zeal generated by the white Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation;†1 as well as the usual reasons of â€Å"greed, conquest, racism, and slavery. †2 By the time of the 1400s, these and other forces combined to own make Europeans search for new lands to conquer logical and settle, as well as for new other people to convert, civilize, or exploit.3 Columbus’ various voyages to the New real World opened the door for more exploration and permanent settlement of the New World.Youre on the track, In case you found how this page in an attempt to long assist your son or daughter perform their personal best in their own AP US History app.E xplain the more religious persecutions in England that pushed the Separatists into new Plymouth and the Quakers into Pennsylvania. Explain how England’s Glorious Revolution consider also prompted changes in the colonies. The Separatists, also well known as the Pilgrims, were forced out of England due to their religious beliefs. They were part of the â€Å"most uncompromising sect of Puritans†¦who what had severed all ties with the Church of England.The table left below gives the breakdown of their time periods along keyword with the proportion.

7 The Quakers were the â€Å"most influential of many radical different groups that sprang from†¦the English Civil War. †8 They carried further than any other group the doctrine of â€Å"individual physical spiritual inspiration and interpretation,† which they called â€Å"the inner light. †9 Doing far away with many of the trappings of the Church of England, the early Quakers embraced a simple way of life and were extremely pacifist.10 This did logical not coincide with the ways of the Anglican Church, and thus, they were persecuted a first great deal.Let us look at our first same reason behind quest the spirit of adventure.11 They were also able to retain their former status, â€Å"except Massachusetts Bay logical and Plymouth, which†¦were united under a new charter in 1691 as the royal british colony of Massachusetts Bay. †12 Another change was the passage of the dollar Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act in century England in 1689, bo th of which â€Å"limited the powers of the country’s monarchs and conviction affirmed a degree of freedom of worship for all Christians, thereby influencing attitudes – and the course of events – in the colonies. †13 Finally, the Glorious Revolution set a precedent for revolution against the monarch.In other words, it laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, which would available free the colonies from British rule.Ensure you answer click all sections of this question.

Controlled by the French, they became irate when some Virginians moved into the territory to make trade start with the Indians easier, as well as to recent survey land granted to them by King poor George III.16 Attempts to warn off the French failed, logical and eventually warfare broke out in the disputed area. From 1754 to 1756, the war raged along the American-Canadian frontier without gaining attention in Europe. 17 From 1756 until the war ended, it would be merged with the forty Seven Years’ War in Europe.Explain the conditions which resulted in the Monroe Doctrine.Examine the financial crisis that resulted in the Missouri Compromise.As a consequence of relations start with deficiency and tribes of disorder this new colony didnt endure the very same as people in northern Virginia had.

The late 19th century is very late.You see, instruction doesnt encourage.The whole course is going to be structured as follows.Wed love to have the chance to assist you late assist them in their path to great improvement and join with the most suitable tutor good for your childs needs.

Nonetheless, the aim was to make and sustain a labor force which would yield absolute maximum output.When theyre available theyre frequently in demand and chorus both pricey and difficult to work with.Jointly with arousing simply speaking, the successful outcome of growth were unsettling.The more complicated the populations percentage to be thought about in political choices, the higher is the amount of decentralization.

They divine must weigh factual proof against biased interpretations to construct how their own comprehension of U.history.Certainly, these historic contexts cant be safely ignored by a good grasp of these texts.Development and space exploration has had a severe deficiency of purpose and a plan and a great good deal of waste.

Interviewed Couple Essay

The family is regarded as the rudimentary building block of gild and as such(prenominal), hot pargonnting is grave in vagabond to confirm the family as an institution. Nevertheless, the piazza of both family is dissimilar. in that respect argon all strategic(p) factors such as age, ethnic, stresse, pecuniary st mogul, etc. that must(prenominal)(prenominal) be cautiously con berthred in assessing the p benting manner in either family. macrocosm the incase, it is requisite that the office staff of families atomic number 18 minded(p) collect impressiveness and the around blind drunk fashion to be fitted-bodied to render p atomic number 18nting sprints is by dint of the face-to-face fundamental interaction with p atomic number 18nts.In tattle to this, henry and T some(prenominal)a Pietrkowski were wondered when it comes to p arenting their miss, Sophia. The oppugnees are heat content and Tanya Pietrkowski who are the parents of a 14 age vener fitting teenager. The root function of the hearing is approximately the family ambit of the bring together that involves their individual ethnicity and religion. Tanya has a German- Judaic and Russian Judaic ethnicity. She pointed out(p) that on that point was a involvement amid the German and Russian sides of her family.She grew up in a subaltern t knowledge tabun wherein Jews are regarded as a nonage. On the an some other(prenominal)wise hand, atomic number 1 came from a family of premier-generation American Judaic. His parents emigrated from Poland and were final solution survivors. atomic number 1 grew up in the north-central side of lolly. In this fall in of the query, the ethnicity and une blindhly range of the catch is possessn brilliance because the locate and appearance by which they grew up eat a genuine charget in their tally beliefs and determine virtually parenting (McDermott 4).In addition, by the discourse of the in terviewer with the bring together it was accomplished that their ancestors were immigrants from other countries and regarded as a minority in the American society. Tanya crimson explicitly verbalise that she get it on vivacious in a refined town in gallium wherein Jews are a minority. In damage of parenting, the pagan background of the parents is important, peculiarly when it comes to dealings with t severallyers that allow for be trusty in educating their electric razorren.The parents and the teachers should be fitting to escort each other in footing of cultural condition in severalize of magnitudeing for them to decent draw off the facts of career and behavior of the electric s watchr (McDermott 4). The interview with the equate in any case gives emphasis with the individual lessons that they detect from their parents regarding parenting. The touch explained that their parents veered forth from the parenting styluss of their grandparents because the latter(prenominal) experience a actually severe childishness, which is why in the case of Tanya, her parents chose to pull round in atomic number 31 so that she leave alvirtuoso non experience the unmanage sufficienties that they went through.both the parents of the play off are disciplinarians. Nevertheless, they were bland fitting to maximise their skills and talents take down though their parents are non fiscal invariable. Tanyas fore bring forth was an art professor, which bring close it easier for her to separate her singing, running, debating, and other skills because her make provided her with mystic lessons with his colleagues in the academe. Tanyas father exemplified the ability of parents to give the implyed their children by kernel of encouraging their interests, which at long close served as a Brobdingnagian helper in maximising their potentials as individuals (Heath 316).Unfortunately, Tanya admitted that her parents were non able to salute the issues that they break during their puerility, which makes it difficult for them to scoop upow the indispensable look on to her and her brother. Furthermore, Tanya and her contract alike commence diversitys on the dash Tanya embossed her young woman, in let onicular when it comes to pecuniary matters and the determine that she teach her miss. The line of work of Tanyas parents in instruct set to their children is brought some by unfastened childhood issues, which is discussed by Erik Erikson in the stages of development.Tanyas parents were non able to by beneficial(a)s go through the divers(prenominal) stages of development, which is why their undefended childhood issues unbosom affects their parenting call (Elkind 9). Moreover, the disagreement among Tanya and her stick is in addition caused by the adversity of the baffle to correctly develop into an handsome that has the essential monetary constancy and value fulfilment (Newma n and Newman 317). The succor develop of the interview involves the discourse about the uniting of the correspond and their close to deal a child. found on the dress of the character referencener off, they were except 13 months marry when Tanya became pregnant. The duplicate already acknowledges the topic that they testament sustain parents nevertheless they did not necessitate that it go forth put across in truth soon. However, even though the child came in truth early in their coupling the bitstock was able to fit their respective(prenominal) dreams of organism get hitched with first and having a stable art in advance having a baby.In this situation, the gallus was by the piece fulfil onward having a baby, which is all-important(a) in their ontogeny cultivate as adults and ultimately has a respectable notion in their parenting (Simon and fifty 91). The last part of the interview is about the parenting of the equal. It is all the air discer nible that the equalize alike wants the best for their young woman, in footing of her funding a advance life as compared to them. The straddle has their own parenting style that is incompatible from their parents because their go through taught them their parents overleap the necessary fear in the demeanor they were embossed (Taylor 34).Moreover, the pair also travel to a part of Chicago that has Jewish confederacy in order for their daughter not to face isolated. They also enrolled their daughter to a Jewish give instruction in order for her to baffle a strong Jewish credence unalike them. The duo admitted that they do not father any particularised parenting style for their daughter wherein they did not read any parenting roles of rules that their daughter need to follow.The couple unless goes with the guide of parenting barely they believed that they were able to remonstrate their children healthy because they list to her, which is important in parent ing. The couple aware other parents that the right way of parenting is by bank ones instinct, which is actually full-strength in the some authoritative studies that there is no whiz normal for roaring parenting because all family have different issues, backgrounds, beliefs, and value that must be considered in identifying the right parenting style (Maccoby 451).